Northern and Central Turkey. 255 



Kalkande passes through a defile, running E. W., and situ- 

 ated in a small granular whitish limestone. This reminds one 

 of the geology of Greece. 



On the Nevljanska-Rieka, between Radomir and Scharkoe, 

 I also observed masses of what I should be inclined to consider 

 as the same limestone and slate ; but the vicinity of secondary 

 limestone seems to make it sometimes as difficult there, as in 

 S.E. Carinthia and Carniola, to classify with precision all the 

 limestone masses the traveller may meet with. One might per- 

 haps also unite with these the compact limestone associated 

 with slate and quartzose conglomerate, in the Kosnai hills in 

 northern Servia ; and that of the Maidan-pek district, which 

 is traversed and altered by sienite and sienitic-porphyry dykes, 

 were it not that these slates, &c., like the same rocks in the 

 Bannat, have too much of a crystalline, slaty, and talcose struc- 

 ture. 



These deposits possibly correspond with some of the oldest 

 members of Murchison's silurian system. The greywacke for- 

 mation (classed by me among the newer primary rocks) occasion- 

 ally contains a limestone filled with petrifactions, and is probably 

 of the same age as the rocks of the Eifel. The greywacke is, 

 like that of the Harz and the South of Scotland, composed u of a 

 basis of clay-slate, which includes fragments of clay-slate and 

 quartz and scales of mica. A good example of its limestone is 

 found at Divostin, and in the valley S.W. from the convent of 

 Vratschka ( Vracsa), 2^ leagues from Kragojevacz in Servia. Its 

 colours are grey, blue, red,'and brown, and it contains encrinites, 

 caryophylleae, astreae, fungites, and other kinds of polypiers or 

 corals, as well as some indistinct bivalves, a turritella, and a 

 small patella, or a univalve of some genus of Lamarck border- 

 ing on the patella. M. Viquenel found an echmoderme in the 

 limestone slate. At Kosnik, in S. W. Servia, the same lime- 

 stone presents itself, with many madreporic-like fossils and en- 

 crinites. The greywacke also includes some limestone breccia, 

 as near the convent of Vratschefnitza at the eastern end of the 

 Rudnik Hills, and near Verbovnitz not far from Dubnicza. 



I am inclined to regard those old and new primary deposits 

 as the masses which, for the most part, have been altered by 

 subterranean heat and plutonic agency, so as to give rise to the 



