260 Dr Boue on the Geography and Geology of' 



.47). It is most probable that this formation extends far into 

 Bosnia, forming, in particular, the chains between the Bosna 

 and the Verbas ; as it makes its appearance in Croatia, and as 

 the chains have all the same direction N. W S. E., it must cross 

 the whole of Bosnia. It is even possible that the Szokol plum- 

 biferous limestone in Western Servia, if it be not a transition 

 rock, may also belong to this extensive formation. 



In South-western Macedonia there are a great number of 

 chains of compact limestone, which may also possibly belong to 

 the secondary rocks ; as around Castoria, between Castoria and 

 the Pindus, to the south of Castoria, between Fiorina, Vodena, 

 and Sarigol, and probably still more to the south in Southern 

 Albania. In Turkey, as in Carniola and Southern Styria, the 

 vicinity of primary (transition) rocks to great limestone masses, 

 as well as also to the Jurassic limestone, renders it difficult to 

 distinguish between them, and for that reason I am unwilling 

 to assign a precise age to those compact limestones. I observed 

 them west of Radomir, in the Wistoka hill, west of Sophia, in the 

 Koniavo hill north of Kostendil, in a hillock isolated in the 

 midst of tertiary molasse between Kosnitza and the Dubnicza 

 vineyards, as also near Niemele on the road from Gerlo to 

 Scharkoe. In this latter place, as well as in the Upper 

 Nevljanska-rieka, the limestone is associated with slates resem- 

 bling greywacke or even clay-slates, as also with arenaceous 

 slates of a greyish or reddish colour, and sandstones. These 

 limestones, like the Jurassic, occasionally form singularly shaped 

 hills and small de'files, and contain caverns. Small caverns are 

 also to be seen between Sophia and Nissa ; and in the Ipek 

 chain in Albania, large bodies of water sometimes issue out of 

 the caverns. 



The great chalk formation of Southern Europe is also found 

 in Turkey ; it is already known that the hippurite and nummu- 

 lite limestone, together with compact limestone, as also dolomite, 

 and sandstone or marls, constitute, not only Dalmatia, but also 

 a considerable portion of Western Bosnia, Montenegro, and 

 Western Albania. We saw this formation extending from the 

 Scutari hills to the middle of the White Drina basin near 

 Drsenik, and thence to the east as far as Iglareva, forming 



