18 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



[2"<» S. X. July 7. '60. 



the American war there, and subsequently have 

 passed some time in the United States. 



A Traveller. 



Carnival at Milan (2"^ S. ix. 197. 312. 405.) 

 —The authorities quoted by the Eev. John Wil- 

 liams are conclusive of nothing but the opinions 

 of modern writers — Martene, Baronius, Ferniris, 

 Benedict XIV., &c. ; whilst we are in search, not 

 of opinions, but of historical evidence of contem- 

 poraries. The question is as to the commence- 

 ment of Lent, or the Carnival (= farewell to 

 flesh). I have shown that this commencement 

 was identical at Milan and Rome by the testimony 

 of St. Ambrose and Gregory the Great in the 

 fourth and fifth centuries. It is true there is a 

 doubt as to the exact time when the Romish 

 church altered the ancient practice by commencing 

 it earlier, that is, on Ash Wednesday ; and those 

 who have investigated the subject vary in at- 

 tributing this novelty to the eighth and ninth 

 centuries, a difficulty arising from the darkness 

 spread over this period by the ascendency of 

 Rome, then encouraging the propagation of idle 

 tales in lieu of history and criticism. The ques- 

 tion as to which of the days in the six weeks of 

 Lent, and how the churches at Rome and Milan 

 practised fasting, is distinct from the one pro- 

 posed. We learn, however, from St. Augustin 

 (Ep. 8G. [367] ad Casidan.; Ep. 118 [54], ad 

 JanuarJ), that his mother, being desirous of know- 

 ing whether .she should fast on Saturdays (as at 

 Rome) or not (as at Milan), he consulted St. 

 Ambrose, who said, " When I go to Rome I fast 

 on the Saturday, as they do at Rome ; when I am 

 here I do not fast ; " which Monica received as 

 an oracle from heaven ; and it has since passed 

 into a proverb. The seven weeks' feast was never 

 in use at Milan, as the Rev. J. Williams thinks, 

 nor in any of the Western churches. Sozomen 

 says : — 



" oi 5€ eiTTo, vr)crTevov<Ti, tos iv Ko)V<TTavTivOTr6\ei. Kal tois 

 TT€piS €0i>e<n, fie'xpi ioiviKiav" (vii. 19.) 



But Socrates says generally : — 



" aAAoi fie Trapa tovtovi, aWoi irpo enTa T^s eopr^s e/SSo^taScoc 

 T^s vijcTTeiai afixoiievoi,, . . . oiiSev ^ttov koI avTol Teacrapa- 

 KOCTTT);' Toi' xpot'ov TOVTOV Ka\ov<n." (v. 22.) 



So that it was always called the Forty (quadra- 

 gesima), whether consisting of forty hours, three, 

 six, or seven weeks. T. J. Buckton. 



Lichfield. 



Vant (2'"' S. ix. 426. 495.) — The proper name 

 Bullivant I have always looked upon as of Nor- 

 man extraction (though I have no good autho- 

 rities to point to), and as being nothing else than 

 a corruption of the words Bel enfent, just as Bel- 

 lamy seems to be no other than Bel ami. 



P. Hutchinson. 



Henry Cantrell, M.A. (2"* S. ix. 464.) — 

 Besides some of the tracts I have in my possession 



two volumes of MS. sermons by Cantrell, notes 

 upon which, if Mr. Creswell is collecting upon 

 him, may be of use, and are much at his service. 

 Some of the sermons in these volumes have evi- 

 dently done good service, some of them having 

 been preached fifteen or sixteen, or even more, 

 times. On one sermon is this curious note ; — 



" This Sermon I lent to Mr. Wood wch he transcrib'd 

 and preach'd at j'e Visitation at Nott., ffor wch favour he 

 forgave me the remainder of wt I ow'd His uncle Hayea, 

 wch as I remember was 50 shillings." 



A tolerable price to pay in those days for the 

 loan of a sermon. Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A. 

 Derby, 



Henry Cantrell was of Emmanuel College, Cam- 

 bridge, IB. A. 1704-5, M.A. 1710. He became vicar 

 of S. Alkraund's, Derby, 1712, and was living at 

 that town in 1760. Perhaps some of your corre- 

 spondents can furnish the date of his death. 



C. H. & Thompson Cooper. 



Cambridge. 



Splitting Paper (2"^ S. ix. 427.) — The art 

 above alluded to was discovered by a young man 

 named Baldwin, now a dealer in old prints, &c. in 

 Great Newport Street. Whether he has taught 

 it, or is willing to teach it to others, I cannot say. 

 Some years ago he not only split a Bank note, but 

 papers of much larger siz6. I have heard that he 

 even on one occasion experimented successfully 

 on a whole sheet of The Times. Q. 



Publication of Banns (2"^ S. ix. 492.) — At 

 the Summer Assizes, Oxford, 1856, in Reg. v. Ben- 

 son, Clerk, reported in the Oxford Herald of July 

 12, Baron Alderson ascertained from a witness 

 that the banns were published at Morning Service, 

 after the second lesson. He then said : — 



" I have very great doubt in my own mind whether 

 marriages solemnised when the banns have been so pub- 

 lished, are valid under the Act of Parliament. At Morn- 

 ing Service the rubric enjoins that the banns be read at 

 the Communion, immediately before the sermon, and the 

 law had not altered that injunction. When there was 

 no Morning Service, then it was provided by the Act 

 that at Afternoon or Evening Service the banns should be 

 published after the second lesson." 



E. M. 



Rutherford Family (2"^ S. ix. 403.) — Some 

 years since a claim was preferred to the Scotish 

 Barony of Rutherford, but it was thrown out by 

 the Peers for insufficiency, as I understand, of 

 evidence on a particular link of the pedigi'ee. 

 Unquestionably your correspondent would find a 

 genealogical table attached to the case. But if it 

 be of any moment to the inquirer, I may mention 

 that in my library I have a somewhat curious col- 

 lection relative to most persons of the name of 

 Rutherford in the south of Scotland, consisting of 

 printed papers during the earlier part of the last 

 century. J. M. 



