334 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



[2nd s. X. Oct. 27. '60. 



trippant Argent : but in my 3IS. Notes of Heraldry they 

 are Vert, 3 Bucks trippant or." 



In a window of the Episcopal Palace of Lincoln 

 at Buckden were the arms of John Green, bishop 

 of that diocese, 1761 — 1779 : Azure, 3 bucks trip- 

 pant or. Joseph Rix. 



St. Neots. 



SLESVIG. 



(2°'^ S. X. 227.) 



In " N. & Q." I find a statement from your cor- 

 respondent W. B. of Edinburgh, that the old 

 name of Slesvig was Hedeby. This is a mistake, 

 hy means a town or village, never a country. The 

 old name of Slesvig is Sonde?' Jylland (South Jut- 

 land), which name originated in the thirteenth 

 century, and is yet used as a popular name in con- 

 tradistinction to Norre Jylland (North Jutland), 

 which is used both as a popular and as an official 

 name for what now is called also simply Jutland. 

 Slesvig became the official name since the sixteenth 

 century, and was originally the name only of a 

 town, until lately the capital, and situated about 

 ten miles from the frontier, between Slesvig and 

 Holstein, the old frontiers between Denmark and 

 Germany. It was called so from being situated 

 at the innermost »?^ of the fjord Sli, and is stated 

 by early writers to have been identical with the 

 old Heddeby, Othar's HcBthum. Ethelwerth says 

 that it was the capital of the native country of the 

 Angles, and that its name was in Danish Hedeby, 

 but in Saxon Sliaswick, which statement is re- 

 peated by Adam of Bremen, but is scarcely quite 

 correct. First, the two names yet exist, but be- 

 long to two different places about a mile from 

 each other. Secondly, why should the neighbour- 

 ing Saxons have given the Danish town a new 

 Danish name ? Haddeby is undoubtedly the old 

 place : its church is of so great antiquity that it 

 may very well be the same stone church erected 

 by Ansgarius in the ninth century, when the first 

 church there, being the first in the Scandinavian 

 countries, had been burnt down. That it really 

 was the capital of the old Angles is not unlikely 

 to be the fact, as the country north of it as far as 

 Flensberg is yet called Angela, and the people 

 Angles ; but as far as the two names are con- 

 cerned the truth seems to be the following : — 



We learn that the great Emperor Henry of 

 Germany, returning from a successful invasion 

 of Denmark, kept a Saxon colony in Haddeby, 

 which possibly has established itself in a part of 

 the then large place adjoining the harbour, and 

 called Sliasvic ; and thus it may have happened 

 that the Saxons in modern Holstein have after- 

 wards used this name for the quarter inhabited by 

 their countrymen for the whole town. After- 

 wards, when a court was established at Gottorp, a 

 little north of the town, a new town may have 



arisen by enlargement of Sliaswic, and at last 

 the whole has been divided in two, the old Had- 

 deby remaining where it was, and the new town 

 taking the name from the quarter of which it was 

 originally only an enlargement. 



The English bay, Germ. BUcht, Dan. Bvgt, 

 comes from &ow, beugen, or biegenboje. Vig is of 

 Icelandish vikja, Dan. vige, Germ, weichen, but 

 without a corresponding term in English. C. G. 



ALE AND BEER. 

 (2'"i S. x. 229.) 



In modern usage the distinction between ale and 

 bee)' is, as A. A. observes, difierent in different 

 parts of the country. But I apprehend that, ori- 

 ginally, the distinction was very clearly marked : 



Ale, being a liquor brewed from malt to be 

 drunk fresh. 



Bee?; a liquor brewed from malt and hops, in- 

 tended to keep. 



And hence it is that, even at the present day, 

 when malt liquor gets stale, it is said in popular 

 language to be beery. 



The distinction that I have pointed out is clearly 

 observed in Johnson's Dictionary, where ale is 

 defined : " A liquor made by infusing malt in hot 

 water, and then fermenting the liquor." Beer: 

 " Liquor made from malt and hops ;" " distin- 

 guished from ale either by being older or smaller." 



Ale thus defined answers to the description 

 given by Tacitus (Germania, 23.) of the drink of 

 the ancient Germans: "humor ex hordeo aut 

 frumento, in quandam similitudinem vini cor- 

 ruptus." The ancient Spaniards had a somewhat 

 similar drink, called by them Celia, which Florus 

 (ii. 18.) describes as "indigenam ex frumento 

 potionem." 



So far as concerns our own ancestors in the 

 Middle Ages much light is thrown on these points 

 by the Promptorium Parvulorum. 



The Latin word celia is there applied to 7iew 

 ale, called also gyylde, or gile ; which is shown by 

 Mr. Albert Way in his note to be synonymous 

 with luort. 



The Latin word given for ale is cervisia, and 

 the following remark is added : " nota bene, quod 

 est potus anglorum." And such no doubt it was 

 till the use of hops became general. 



The Latin word given for " bere, a drynke," is 

 " Hummulina, Vel Hummuli potus, aut cervisia hum- 

 muliiia." 



There is an ancient rhyme which says : — 



" Turkeys, Carps, Hops, Piccarel, and Beer, 

 Came into England all in one year." 



The year when all these good things are sup- 

 posed to have been introduced, was somewhere in 

 the early part of the reign of King Henry VIII. 

 But it is evident that as early as 1440, when the 



