x COLOURS AND ORNAMENTS CHARACTERISTIC OF SEX 289 
alternate dark or light bands or spots, such as the zebra, some 
deer, or the carnivora, we find, first, that the region of the 
spinal column is marked by a dark stripe ; secondly, that the 
regions of the appendages, or limbs, are differently marked ; 
thirdly, that the flanks are striped or spotted, along or be¬ 
tween the regions of the lines of the ribs ; fourthly, that the 
shoulder and hip regions are marked by curved lines; fifthly, 
that the pattern changes, and the direction of the lines, or 
spots, at the head, neck, and every joint of the limbs ; and 
lastly, that the tips of the ears, nose, tail, and feet, and the 
eye are emphasised in colour. In spotted animals the greatest 
length of the spot is generally in the direction of the largest 
development of the skeleton.” 
This structural decoration is w 7 ell seen in many insects. In 
caterpillars, similar spots and markings are repeated in each 
segment, except where modified for some form of protection. 
In butterflies, the spots and bands usually have reference to 
the form of the wing and the arrangement of the nervures; 
and there is much evidence to show that the primitive mark¬ 
ings are always spots in the cells, or between the nervures, or 
at the junctions of nervures, the extension and coalescence of 
these spots forming borders, bands, or blotches, which have 
become modified in infinitely varied ways for protection, 
warning, or recognition. Even in birds, the distribution of 
colours and markings follows generally the same law. The 
crown of the head, the throat, the ear-coverts, and the eyes 
have usually distinct tints in all highly coloured birds; the 
region of the furcula has often a distinct patch of colour, 
as have the pectoral muscles, the uropygium or root of the tail, 
and the under tail-coverts. 1 
Mr. Tylor was of opinion that the primitive form of 
ornamentation consisted of spots, the confluence of these in 
certain directions forminglines or bands; and, these again, some¬ 
times coalescing into blotches, or into more or less uniform 
tints covering a large portion of the surface of the body. The 
young lion and tiger are both spotted ; and in the Java hog 
(Sus vittatus) very young animals are banded, but have spots 
over the shoulders and thighs. These spots run into stripes 
1 Coloration of Animals, PI. X, p. 90 ; and Pis. II, III, and IV, pp. 30, 
40, 42. 
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