320 
DARWINISM 
CHAP. 
Chile, where humming-birds are especially plentiful, we find 
great numbers of red tubular flowers, often of large size and 
apparently adapted to these little creatures. Such are the 
beautiful Lapageria and Philesia, the grand Pitcairneas, and 
the genera Fuchsia, Mitraria, Embothrium, Escallonia, I >esfon- 
tain ea, Eccremocarpus, and many Gesneracese. Among the 
most extraordinary modifications of flower structure adapted 
Fig. 31.—Humming-bird fertilising Marcgravia nepentlioides. 
to bird fertilisation are the species of Marcgravia, in which the 
pedicels and bracts of the terminal portion of a pendent bunch 
of flowers have been modified into pitchers which secrete 
nectar and attract insects, while birds feeding on the nectar, 
or insects, have the pollen of the overhanging flowers dusted 
on their backs, and, carrying it to other flowers, thus cross- 
fertilise them (see Illustration). 
In Australia and New Zealand the fine “glory peas” 
(Clianthus), t he Soph ora, Loranthus, many Epacridese and 
Myrtaceae, and the large flowers of the New Zealand flax 
