XV 
DARWINISM APPLIED TO MAN 
453 
in others it is widely removed, giving the idea, so consonant 
with the theory of evolution as developed by Darwin, that all 
are derived from a common ancestor, from which the existing 
anthropoid apes as well as man have diverged. When, 
however, we turn from the details of anatomy to peculiarities 
of external form and motions, we find that, in a variety of 
characters, all these apes resemble each other and differ from 
man, so that we may fairly say that, while they have diverged 
somewhat from each other, they have diverged much more 
widely from ourselves. Let us briefly enumerate some of 
these differences. 
External Differences of Man and Apes. 
All apes have large canine teeth, while in man these are 
no longer than the adjacent incisors or premolars, the whole 
forming a perfectly even series. In apes the arms are pro¬ 
portionately much longer than in man, while the thighs are 
much shorter. No ape stands really erect, a posture which 
is natural in man. The thumb is proportionately larger in 
man, and more perfectly opposable than in that of any ape. 
The foot of man differs largely from that of all apes, in the 
horizontal sole, the projecting heel, the short toes, and the 
powerful great toe firmly attached parallel to the other toes ; 
all perfectly adapted for maintaining the erect posture, and 
for free motion without any aid from the arms or hands. In 
apes the foot is formed almost exactly like our hand, with 
a large thumb-like great toe quite free from the other toes, 
and so articulated as to be opposable to them • forming with 
the long finger-like toes a perfect grasping hand. The sole 
cannot be placed horizontally on the ground; but when 
standing on a level surface the animal rests on the outer edge 
of the foot with the finger and thumb-like toes partly closed, 
while the hands are placed on the ground resting on the 
knuckles. The illustration on the next page (Fig. 37) shows, 
fairly well, the peculiarities of the hands and feet of the chim¬ 
panzee, and their marked differences, both in form and use, 
from those of man. 
The four limbs, with the peculiarly formed feet and hands, 
are those of arboreal animals which only occasionally and 
awkwardly move on level ground. The arms are used in pro- 
