156 Mr J. G. Stuart on the Turbine Water-Wheel. 



compounds which distil in the form of an oily fluid, whereas 

 those of picoline are mostly crystallizable. I am at present 

 engaged with the examination of these substances. 



It is obvious, from the observations contained in Hoff- 

 man's* paper, that picoline must have been present along 

 with aniline and chinoline in the substance which he exa- 

 mined. He mentions, especially, that his aniline, as ob- 

 tained by distillation only, possessed a peculiar pungent and 

 disagreeable odour, which was got rid of only by several suc- 

 cessive crystallizations of its oxalate from alcohol, and that 

 the impure aniline has a specific gravity less than that of 

 water. He observes also, that the quantity of the substance 

 present must have been excessively minute, as it did not af- 

 fect the results of the analysis, a phenomenon, the cause of 

 which is sufficiently explained by the identity in constitution 

 of the two substances. Hoffman did not obtain picoline in 

 the separate state, simply because the bases employed by him 

 were obtained from the less volatile portions of coal-tar, 

 which necessarily contain it only in minute proportion. 



(To be concluded in next Number.) 



Description of a Water -Wheels with Vertical Axle, on the plan 

 of the Turbine of Fourneyron, erected at Balgonie Mills, 

 Fifeshire. By JOSEPH GORDON Stuart, Esq., F.R.S.S.A. 

 (Communicated by the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, f) 



My attention was first directed to the Turbine water-wheel, 

 by the paper read on the subject before the British Associa- 

 tion, at its Glasgow meeting in 1810, by my friend Profes- 

 sor Gordon. On that occasion the Professor introduced the 

 Turbine of Fourneyron (the French patentee) to the notice 

 of the Association, as a very important machine for econo- 

 mizing water-power, and after some discussion, the Associa- 

 tion appointed Mr Smith (then of Deanston), and Mr Fair- 

 bairn of Manchester, along with Professor Gordon, a Com- 



* Liebig's Annalen, vol. xlvii. 



t Read before the Society, on 23d March 1846. 



