Scientific Intelligence — Mineraloyy . 361 



hood of Koola, of many of which the craters are quite distinct, 

 especially the one called Kalar Alan, whicii lias a perfect crater 

 about half a mile in circumference, and two or three hundred feet 

 deep. The extent of this region is some twenty miles long by eight 

 broad. We have no record of any activity in these volcanoes, and 

 Strabo described them in his day quite as they are now, and the 

 Turks give to Satan the full credit of having created such a bleak 

 parched-up district. My object at the present time is merely to 

 mention this district, as a full description of it enters into a paper 

 on the Earthquakes and Volcanoes of Asia-Minor, that I propose pub- 

 lishing at some future time ; it is brought forward now merely to 

 shew what this volcanic centre has to do with the thermal springs 

 just described. — (T/ie American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. 

 xii., No. 36, 2d Series, p. 375.) 



MINEliALOGY. 



8 Touivnaline, its di^erent kinds. — Rammelsberg divides the 

 mineral named Tourmaline into two groups. 1st, The so-called dark 

 or black tourmalines, characterised by the absence of lithion. and the 

 greater and lesser quantity of iron. 2d, The transpaient variously- 

 coloured tourmalines, which always contain lithion, and are sometimes 

 free of iron. 



These groups fall into the following sub-groups. 



1. Magnesia — Tourmaline^— hvovfn, yellow; contain much mag- 

 nesia and little iron. 



2. Magnesia — Iron — Tourmaline; the most frequent, the black ; 

 less magnesia and more iron. 



3. Iron — Tourmaline — maximum of iron ; under the sub-group 

 we include the Tourmaline of Sonnenberg near Andreasberg, and 

 that of Langenbielau. 



4. Magnesia — Iron — Tourmaline — colours violet blue, green, and 

 blue ; contains Hthion, manganese, and little iron. 



5. Manganese — Tourmaline — colour red ; contains no iron. 



9. R. Hermann 8 Arrangement of Minerals of the Felspar kinds. 



Family of Felspars, 

 I. Orthoklase Group. 



1. Orthoklase, a. Feldstein ; 6. Common Felspar; c. Adularia ; 

 d. Glassy Felspar. 



2. Loxoklas. 3. Ryakolite. 



II. Albite Group. 

 4. Albite. 5. Oligoklas. 6. Andesine. 7. Lepolito. 



