378 List of Patents. 



which is marked by a change of title. From the foundation of 

 the Academy in 1726, to 1823, the Latin language was the 

 medium of communication. The first series, called Commenta- 

 ries {Commentarii), extended from 1726 to 1747 ; that is, from 

 the inauguration of the academy, by the Empress Catherine I., 

 until the Empress Elizabeth affected some new regulations. 

 This series is in fourteen volumes. From 1747 to 1776, there 

 are twenty-one volumes of Novi Cornmentarii. The celebration 

 of the semi-secular jubilee established a new epoch, from which 

 the publications are called Acta. Twelve volumes of these 

 bring the labours of the Academy to the year 1783, a memora- 

 ble year, in which the academy was placed under the direction 

 of the Princess Daschkoff, for in Russia there is no Salic law, 

 even in the government of letters and science. Under the new 

 Directeur (such was the title given to this lady by the Imperial 

 ukase, which invested her with the direction of the Academy), 

 fifteen volumes of Nova ^c^fl terminate the publication in Latin 

 The year 1803 was an important period to the Academy ; the 

 Emperor Alexander gave it new laws, and the French language 

 was substituted for the Latin. But the period was unfavour- 

 able to academic labours ; so that, from 1803 to 1826, but eleven 

 volumes appeared, forming the fifth series, under the title Me- 

 moires. Lastly, a mode of publication more useful than that of 

 entire volumes, viz. that of parts or livraisons, has been adopted. 



List of Patents granted in England^ from ^\st August to 167A 

 jggj September 1831. • 



Aug, 31. To J. J. Jacquier, London, for <• improvements in the machinery 



for making paper." 

 Sept. 5. To H. G. Dyar, London, for " an improvement in tunnelling, or 



method of executing subterraneous excavations." 



5. To G. Forrester, Liverpool, engineer, for " certain improvements 



in wheels for carriages and machinery, which improvements are 

 applicable to other purposes." 



6. To W. BicKFORD, Tuckingwill, Cornwall, for his invention of " an 



instrument for igniting gunpowder, when used in the operation 

 of blasting rocks and in mining." 

 9. To J. Neville, Surrey, engineer, for " his improved apparatus for 



clarifjdng water and other fluids." 

 16. To G. H. Palmer, London, civil engineer, for " certain improve- 

 ments in the steam engines, boiler, and apparatus, or machinery 

 connected therewith, applicable to propelluig vessels, carriages, 

 and other purposes." 



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