EFFECTS OF SEVERE COLD ON PLANTS. 455 



These were layers of the preceding summer, transplanted in autumn. The leaves 

 were iot destroyed on a few branches cut off before the frost, and left lying 

 upon the ground. The Laurels died from within outwards, the bark remaining 

 green and fresh after the wood became brown inside. Many produced young 

 leaves in April, but all died away as the weather became warm, with one 

 exception, in a shrub of four years old, transplanted the preceding autumn, the 

 stem of which remained alive for two feet above the ground, and grew vigorously. 

 The hardy Heaths, as Erica multiflora, E. vagans, E. ciliaris, E. stricta, suf- 

 fered remarkably. I do not think the cold destroyed vitality in their stems at 

 once ; but they were split into fibrous cordage, bearing some resemblance to a 

 rope untwisted by use, or maceration in water. The same thing happened with 

 E. Auslralis and E. Mediterranean their leaves and shoots being also seared, and 

 turning brown and brittle in the sun ; whilst those of the species before men- 

 tioned remained green, and apparently alive, for some weeks, many of their lower 

 branches escaping with little injury, and growing well in the following summer. 



4. Leaves and young wood destroyed; the larger branches and stems more or 

 less injured. — The Portugal Laurel, Daphne laureola, variegated Holly, Euphor- 

 bia amygdaloides, Kalmia glauca, Corckorus Japonicus, Pceonia Moutan, Hyperi- 

 cum androscemalh, Helianthemum vulgare, Common Southernwood, Irish Ivy, 

 Common Broom, Sage, White and Yellow Jasmines, and white variety of Pyrus 

 Japonica, come under this head. 



5. Leaves, buds, or young wood partially destroyed. — Common Ivy, Andromeda 

 polifolia, Azalea nudiflora, Lyonia racemosa, Erica cinerea, Common Holly, 



and Thuja Orientalis may be named as examples of this amount of injury ; some 

 of the smaller branches or twigs dying. The flower-buds of the common Rhodo- 

 dendrons, Azalea Pontica, Pyrus Japonica, and Corckorus Japonicus were mostly 

 destroyed ; a few of the middle flowers of the umbels escaping in some of the 

 buds of the Rhododendrons and Azalea Pontica, and expanding late in the spring. 



6. Scarcely injured, in foliage or branches. — Juniperus Virginiana, Thuja 

 Occidentalis, Erica tetralix, Kalmia latifolia, Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum lati- 



folium, and the commoner species of Pinus. Young Peas, just through the 

 ground, escaped injury, being covered with snow. 



It may be worth while to mention, that many Potatoes, accidentally left in 

 the ground, survived and sprouted. The same occurred with two Dahlias. One 

 Spanish Chesnut died, but it was previously in an unhealthy condition. The 

 same may be said of a Magnolia purpurea. Much of the young wood of the 

 Walnut was killed. Vines against the house escaped injury ; but much of the 

 young wood of those against a wooden paling was destroyed. Artichokes were 

 almost killed, but a few feeble suckers appeared in June, from about one-third 



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