202 Scientific Intelligence.'-^ Arts. 



leaden pipes, knowing them to be of an unwholesome nature. 

 They were made of thin plates of lead, bent in the form of a 

 cyhnder, and soldered at the edges : casting, as practised at 

 present, was unknown. The supply of water was regulated by 

 the dimensions of the spouts ; these were of twenty-five descrip- 

 tions. The standard spout seems to have been about nine-tenths 

 of an inch in the bore, and its length about eight inches and 

 seven-tenths ; and, if that was also the height of the column of 

 water, 1970 cubic feet would be discharged in the space of 

 twenty-four hours. 



35. Manner of Bronzing Statues, Medals, and Ornaments, 

 made of Copper or Bronze. — The receipts for communicating 

 to newly cast bronze a colour which gives it the appearance of 

 old bronze, vary more or less. We shall here give the method 

 employed by Jacob, one of the best artists of Paris. Take two 

 gross of sal ammoniac, half a gross of salt of sorrel, which dis- 

 solve in a demi-setier (400 grammes) of white vinegar : after 

 cleaning the metal well, dip a pencil slightly in the solution, 

 and rub it continually on the same place, until the colour is 

 dry, and the tint has acquired the desired intensity. That 

 the drying may take place more quickly, this operation is per- 

 formed by exposing the object to the sun or in a stove. The 

 bronze colour becomes deeper, in proportion to the length of 

 time occupied in passing the^brush over the same place. — Journ. 

 des Conaiss. Usuel. et Pratiq. n. 27. t. v. 1827. 



36. Loss of Gold and Silver in Gilding and Plating. — Fifty 

 thousand pounds worth of gold and silver are said to be annu- 

 ally employed at Birmingham in gilding and plating, and which 

 is therefore for ever lost as bullion. 



37. Piney Tallow. — Piney tallow is a vegetable product, 

 which resembles common tallow in many of its properties. It 

 is obtained from the piney tree (Vaterica Indica), by boiling the 

 fruit in water, when the tallow is soon found to rise to the top 

 in a melted state, and, on cooling, forms a solid cake. The 

 colour of the tallow is generally white, but sometimes yellow ; 

 it is greasy to the touch, with some degree of waxyness ; it is al- 

 most tasteless, and has an agreeable odour. It melts at a 

 temperature of 97^° and consequently remains solid in the cli- 

 mate of India. The piney tallow is used only for medicinal 

 purposes at Mangalore, but the tree is common throughout the 



