of' Mainmif'erous Animuls, 5S 



cations which an animal may experience, without its being muti- 

 lated, that which is best adapted to weaken its will, and dispose 

 it to obedience, especially when benefits and chastisements are 

 prudently associated with it ; for then the affectionate feelings 

 experience less resistance, and take root more quickly and more 

 deeply, and fear, for the same reason, acts with more prompti- 

 tude and more force. 



The means which may be employed for suspending sleep, 

 consist in strokes of a whip, applied more or less smartly, or in 

 a loud noise, such as that of a drum or trumpet, which is va- 

 ried to avoid the effect of uniformity, but especially in render- 

 ing hunger urgent, by withholding food ; and among the ob- 

 servations to which these different modes of procedure give rise, 

 there is one which it will not be without interest to dwell upon for 

 a moment, although it does not result exclusively from the parti- 

 cular case which we examine, but presents itself under a va- 

 riety of other circumstances. It shews us, that animals do not 

 know to refer to their cause the modifications which they expe- 

 rience through the medium cff sound, whenever certain particu- 

 lar relations do not exist between them and their causes. 



When an indocile stallion or bull is struck, it does not mis- 

 judge regarding the cause of its pain, but immediately throws 

 itself vipon the person who has directed the blow, — even when 

 it may have been struck by a projectile, like the boar which 

 rushes upon the hunter whose ball has wounded it. I do not 

 examine whether experience has any thing to do with their ac- 

 tion ; this much is certain, that whatever experience these ani- 

 mals may have of the noise from which they suffer, they are ne- 

 ver able to refer the cause, either to the instrument which pro- 

 duces it, or to the person who employs this instrument. They 

 suffer passively, as if they experienced an internal disease ; the 

 cause, hke the seat of their uneasiness, is in themselves, and yet 

 they very correctly discern the direction of the noise. The 

 moment they are struck by a sound, their head and ears are di- 

 rected, without the slightest hesitation, toward the point from 

 which it proceeds ; there are even animals in which this action 

 is instinctive, and precedes all experience ; and with regard to 

 the sensations, I might add, that the bull acts upon seeing a 

 red ray, as he would under the impulse of blows. The cause o[ 



