18 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



[July 7. 1855. 



Members of the Society when taxed with it are in 

 the habit of defending it on grounds of assumed 

 grammatical propriety. It is so habitual that the 

 best educated members of the Society adopt it, 

 and few dramatists or actors succeed in imitating 

 Quaker phraseology because they use " thou " in- 

 stead of " thee." The vernacular Quaker saluta- 

 tion is " How'st thee do ? " Hyde Clarke. 



John Howland (Vol. xi., p. 484.). — Elizabeth 

 Howland married Wriothesley, not Rotherby, 

 Russell, afterwards second Duke of Bedford. 

 Mrs. Howland, her mother, was a daughter of Sir 

 Josiah Child, of whom, as well as Mrs. Howland, 

 there are portraits in the Duke of Bedford's col- 

 lection at Woburn Abbey. Mrs. Howland mar- 

 ried in 1681 John Howland, of Streatham, Esq., 

 CO. Surrey. John Martin. 



Lord DxmdonalcCs Plan (Vol. xi., p. 443.). — 

 Projects like those of Lord Dundonald are 

 no novelties; even in the time of the Common- 

 wealth, when the science of gunnery was not so 

 perfectly understood, some idea of the same kind 

 was set afloat. The following proposition was 

 sent to Mr. Augier from Paris, and is still pre- 

 served in MS. : 



" A person, who makes profession of bono'', and saith he 

 hath had the good luck to have beene knowne of S"" 

 Oliver Flemming during his publick employments abroad, 

 doth propound to a friend of yours, that, by a secret he 

 hath, he can with one ship alone breake what navall army 

 or fleet soever, though never so great ; and that by the 

 same secret he shall easily and in a short time beate 

 downe all manner of earthen forts. Offering, that, if the 

 commonwealth of England be pleased, he will go over at 

 his owne charge to make what trj'alls so ever shall be 

 desired of him, w'^'' will cost nothing. He desires likewise 

 to be assured, that he shall not be forced to reveale his 

 secret, untill the agreement be made for the reward ; and 

 sayth, that the tryall shall be very speedy, and the exe- 

 cution as sure, in general, as in particular." 



Cii. Hopper. 



BlacTi Rat (Vol. Ix., p. 209. ; Vol. x., pp. 37. 

 335.). — The black rat is to be found in Basing- 

 hall Street, and, as Mr. Pinkerton states, har- 

 bours in the walls and roofs at times. It is pro- 

 bable that the black rat contents himself with this 

 domain, leaving the sewers to the brown rats. 



Hyde Ci-arke. 



The Crucifixion (Vol. xi., p. 485.). — It is not 

 easy to account for the frequent practice of repre- 

 senting the two thieves fastened to their crosses 

 with cords, except by supposing that historical 

 truth has been sacrificed to pictorial effect. That 

 the thieves were fastened with nails, as well as 

 our Blessed Lord, is undoubtedly the truth. St. 

 Augustin, alluding to St. Matt, xxvii. 38., says, 

 "Nisiclavis fixus esset (Christus), crucifixus non 

 fuisset," which will of course equally apply to the 

 thieves. (St. Aug. in Ps. Ixviii.) But he directly 



No. 297.] 



affirms this of them in his Tract xxxvii. in Joan, 

 where he says "clavis confixi diu cruciabantur." 

 And the same is asserted by St. John Chrysostom, 

 St. Gregory the Great, St. Ambrose, and Rufinus. 

 Indeed, the fact that when the three crosses were 

 discovered by the holy empress Helen, they were 

 at a loss to distinguish which had borne our 

 Blessed Saviour, till the Almighty was pleased to 

 make it evident by a miracle, suffices to prove 

 that all three must have exhibited similar marks 

 of nails. F. C. H. 



French Churches (Vol. x., p. 484.). — The 

 question of Anon, has not yet been answered? 

 " What date are we to assign to French churches, 

 whose architecture corresponds to our Early 

 English ? " A sufficient answer will be found in 

 the following extract from An Inquiry into the 

 Chronological Succession of the Styles of Ro- 

 manesque and Pointed Architecture in France, Sfc, 

 by Thomas Inkersley, 1850 : 



" It appears undeniable that the use of the pointed arch 

 in France was an anticipation upon its adoption in Eng- 

 land by a considerable period ; that the confirmed First- 

 pointed or Earlv French style likewise took precedence of 

 the Early English, except perhaps in the province of Nor- 

 mandy : that the geometrical or Decorated style was in- 

 vented and brought to perfection by our neighbours half 

 a century before our English builders began to imitate it: 

 that this style maintained its ground long after the ap- 

 pearance of the English perpendicular style, which had 

 attained its highest degree of splendour at a moment 

 when French Flamboyant was but struggling into ex- 

 istence ; whilst the latter, in its turn, still preserved itself 

 pure and unmixed at a time when the former had become 

 utterly debased, corrupted, and disfigured." — P. 36. 



In the second part of his work he gives the dates 

 of the buildings mentioned in the first part. 



A comparative table of the architectural styles 

 of the cathedrals of France, is given in Les Ca- 

 ihedrales de France, by M. I'Abbe Bourasse, and 

 is copied into the Ecclesiologist, vol. vi. p. 20. 



Cetrep.' 



" AojuTTcJSiov SpcJaaros " (Vol. xi., p. 465.). — The 

 former word, in connexion with the latter, has a 

 particular signification, according to Scapula : 



« Numeratur etiam inter personas comicas, quie crinium 

 plexus gestant in acutum desinentes, instar lampadis." 

 " This word is also used among comic actors, who 

 wear their hair plaited and ending in a point, 

 somewhat in the shape of a burning torch." 

 Hence, figuratively, the word came to signify 

 the point or conclusion of a matter, the end or 

 catastrophe of a drama, as we phrase it, to bring 

 the matter to a point. A. F. S. therefore seems, 

 proprio marte, to have elicited the correct mean- 

 \„„ Charles Hook. 



" The Chapter of Kings" (Vol. xi., p. 450.).— -I 

 am inclined to doubt if the authorship of the 

 above song has been clearly ascertained. In my 



