THE 



EDINBURGH NEW 



PHILOSOPHICAL JOURNAL 



EXHIBITING A VIEW OP THE 



PROGRESSIVE DISCOVERIES AND IMPROVEMENTS 



SCIENCES AND T 



CONDUCTED B'i\v£>, 



ROBERT JAM 



REGIOS PROFESSOR OK NATURAL HISTOIIT, LECTURER ON MINERALOGY, AND KEEPER OF 

 THE MUSEUM IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH; 

 Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh ; Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy ; of the 

 Royal Society of Sciences of Denmark ; of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin ; of the Royal Academy of 

 Naples ; of the Geological Society of France; Honorary Member of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta ; Fellow of 

 the Royal Linnean, and of the Geological Societies of London ; of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, and 

 of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ; of the Antiquarian, Wemerian Natural History, Royal Medical, Royal 

 Physical, and Horticultural Societies of Edinburgh ; of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland ; of 

 the Antiquarian and Literary Society of Perth ; of the Statistical Society of Glasgow ; of the Royal Dublin 

 Society ; of the York, Bristol, Cambrian, Whitby, Northern, and Cork Institutions ; of the Natural History So- 

 ciety of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle ; of the Imperial Pharmaceutical Society of Petersburgh ; of 

 the Natural History Society of Wetterau ; of the Mineralogical Society of Jena ; of the Royal Mineralogical So- 

 ciety of Dresden ; of the Natural History Society of Paris ; of the Philomathic Society of Paris -, of the Natural 

 History Society of Calvados ; of the Senkenberg Society of Natural History ; of the Society of Natural Sciences 

 and Medicine of Heidelberg ; Honorary Member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York ; of 

 the New York Historical Society ; of the American Antiquarian Society ; of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 

 Philadelphia ; of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York ; of the Natural History Society of Montreal ; of 

 the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanical Arts ; of the Geological 

 Society of Pennsylvania ; of the Boston" Society of Natural History of the United States ; of the South Aft-ican 

 Institution of the Cape of Good Hope ; Honorary Member of the Statistical Society of France ; Member of the 

 Entomological Society of Stettin, &c. &c. &c. 



APRIL .... OCTOBER 1847. 



VOL. XLIII. 

 TO BE CONTINUED QUARTERLY. 



EDINBUUGH : 



ADAM & CHARLES BLACK, EDINBURGH: 

 LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN & LONGMANS, LONDON. 



1847. 



