Intertropical Springs and Bivere. 103 



by the upheaving of plutonic rocks, — a fact that speaks intelligibly 

 as to the great depth at which the earth's crust has been broken up. 

 Hot springs were found by Burnes in the salt district of the Pun- 

 jaub. In Thibet, M. Csoma de Koros mentions the occurrence of 

 hot springs between U. and Ts'ang. They are numerous in the 

 mountains lying east from the Ma-p-ham Lake, especially at one 

 place, where there is a hole out of which vapour continually issues ; 

 and at certain intervals, as in Iceland, hot water is ejected with 

 great noise, to the height of twelve feet. The water of the hot 

 springs of Assam was found by Mr J. Prinsep to contain bitumen 

 and sulphuretted hydrogen. One held in solution a portion of mu- 

 riate of soda. Many other warm springs are known to occur, be- 

 sides these mentioned in the register^ regarding the temperature and 

 chemical composition, of which further information is desirable. For 

 instance, those of Hummam Pharaon, on the east shore of the Red 

 Sea ; Vizrabhaee, forty -eight miles north of Bombay ; at Mohr, on 

 the Bancoot River, about seventy-five miles south of Bombay ; of 

 Soonup Deo, and Oonup Deo, among the Satpoora hills in Khan- 

 desh ; of Rishikunda, in Raymahal ; of Muktinath and Bhadrinath, 

 in North Hindustan ; of Tooee, near Ruttenpore, on the Myhe 

 River, in Guzerat ; of Lawsoondra, eighteen miles WNW. from 

 Tooee ; of Uteer, about thirty miles from Poorea, near Korachi, on. 

 the Indus ; of the Diamond district at Punnah, in Buudelcund; of 

 Oetha-gur, and Bannassa, near the sources of the Jumna ; of the 

 rivulet of Loland Khad, near the Sutledge ; of those near the con- 

 fluence of the Soar and Elgic Rivers with the Ganges ; of many 

 known to exist in the Birman empire and Malayan peninsula ; and 

 of Bhotan. The last mentioned springs throw up spheroids of silex, 

 which ara brought to Alraorah, and there sold by the native mer- 

 chants for duck-shot.* These spheroids resemble those of the 

 springs of Carlsbad in Bohemia, and of the Geysers. The silex com- 

 posing them has, doubtless, been held in solution by the water ; but 

 it remains yet to be shewn whether it contains or not that peculiar 

 combination of silica and soda which, according to Mr Faraday, 

 characterizes the water of the Geysers,f — a combination ceasing to 

 exist when the water is evaporated, the silica being then deposited 

 in an insoluble condition ; while the alkali, probably by the agency 

 of the carbonic acid of the atmosphere, is set free, and remains dis- 

 solved in the water in considerable quantity. In Southern India 

 many thermal springs, hitherto entirely unnoticed, are suspected to 

 occur. Colonel Sykes states, that he has been informed of their ex- 

 istence in Canara : I have heard of one among the Raidrug hills, 

 in the Ceded districts, — in the Koondahs on the west coast, — and 

 discovered another at the base of the hills south of Cuddapah, hav- 

 ing a temperature of 88°, as noted in the register. A spring near 



* M'Lelland. t Barrow's Visit to Iceland, pp. 209-211. 



