The Meteorology of Whitehaven. 371 



tion), at four feet from the ground. The difference shews the amount 



or effect of the free radiation of heat from the earth's surface. Below, 

 we give tlie maximum or greatest effect in each montli : — 



The thermometer on wool was found to be more effective than one 

 placed in the focus of the parabolic mirror, by 3\71 ; in some instances, 

 the difference amounted to 6^. The naked thermometer has been below 

 32° in every month of 1845, except June, July, and August ; and in the 

 latter month, it descended within 1° of the freeziog point, and in the 

 other two months, it fell to within 6° of it. 



This year the mean of the radiation is 12°.75 ; in 1844, it was 9°.62 ; 

 and in 1843, 7°.40. 



The yearly increase in the value of the figures is partly owing to a 

 greater number of observations being taken in each successive year, but 

 chiefly to the use of more delicate instruments. 



Ttain. — At the close of September, the fall of rain was considerably 

 under the average. But the rain for the whole year is about an inch 

 and a quarter above the mean quantity, and exceeds the fall in 1844, by 

 12.48 in., or more than one-third. The wet daj's exceed those of the 

 previous year by 21 ; but the number of days on which snow fell is less 

 by five. 



The quantity received by the gauge on the spire of St James' Church, 

 80 feet above the street, and 49 yards distant from the standard gauge, 

 is 33.489 in., being 15| in., or nearly one-third less than the quantity 

 measured by the instrument at six feet from the ground. The difference 

 is rather greater than in last year. 



The fall at Cleator is 53 in., being 3| in. more than Whitehaven : the 

 wet days are less by 18. 



The following are the results of my rain-gauges stationed in the Lake 

 district, during 1845 : — Cockermouth, 46.930 ; Ennerdale Lake, 76.880 ; 

 Loweswater, 69.542 ; Buttermere, 87.48 ; Gatesgarth, 124.13; Wasdale, 

 109.55 ; Langdale, from June, 92.62; and Seathwaite, 151.87 inches ; or 

 more than three times the quantity measured at Whitehaven, one of the 

 wettest iowm in the kingdom. At Keswick, ^22^2 ; at Grasmere, 121. 

 At Doncaster, the quantity is 29 inches, being about Jth of the fall at 

 Seathwaite. 



The number of wet days stands thus : — Whitehaven, 193 ; Cocker- 

 mouth, 212 ; Keswick, 195 ; Loweswater, 195; Buttermere, 202 ; Gates- 

 garth, 210 ; Wasdale, 211; Grasmere, 196 ; Seathwaite, 211. 



At the close of October, Gatesgarth and Wasdale exceeded Grasmere 

 by 17.16 and 5.40 respectively ; but the excess in the latter locality in 

 November and December, has turned the scale as regards Wasdale, and 

 reduced the excess at Gatesgarth to 3 in. The fall at Langdale, during 

 the seven months the instrument has been up, is only 104 in- short of the 

 fall at Seathwaite. At Seathwaite, there have been 31 days in which the 

 fall was between 1 and 2 in. ; 13 days, between 2 and 3 in. : 5 days, be- 

 tween 3 and 4 in. ; 1 day, between 4 and 5 in. ; and 1 day between 6 and 

 7 inches. 



Of the total quantity measured in this vale, 106.58 inches fell in the 

 months of January, March, August, October, November, and December, 

 and nearlv 40 inches in the two latter months. 



