Sept. 16. 1854.] 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



231 



forms no part of the present invention, I need not describe 

 it here more particularly. Although it takes a much 

 longer time to obtain a copy upon this paper than upon 

 calotype paper, yet the tints of the copj^ are generally 

 more harmonious and agreeable. On Avhatever paper the 

 copy is taken, it should be fixed in the way already de- 

 scribed. After a calotype picture has furnished a good 

 many copies it sometimes grows faint, and the subsequent 

 copies are inferior. This may be prevented by means of 

 a process which revives the strength of the calotype pic- 

 tures. In order to do this, it is only necessary to wash 

 them by candlelight with gallo-nitrate of silver, and then 

 warm them. This causes all the shades of the picture to 

 darken considerably, while the white parts are unaffected. 

 After this the picture is of course to be fixed a second 

 time. The picture will then yield a second series of 

 copies, and a great number of them may frequently be 

 made. {Note. — In the same way in which I have just 

 explained, that a faded calotype picture may be revived 

 and restored, it is possible to strengthen and revive pho- 

 tographs which have been made on other descriptions of 

 sensitive photographic paper; but these are inferior in 

 beauty, and moreover the result is less to be depended 

 upon; I therefore do not recommend them.) 



" The next part of my invention consists of a mode of 

 obtaining positive photographic pictures, that is to say, 

 photographs in which the lights of the object are repre- 

 sented by lights, and the shades by shades. I have 

 already described how this may be done by a double pro- 

 cess ; but I shall now describe' the means of doing it by 

 a single process. I take a sheet of sensitive calotype 

 paper and expose it to daylight, until I perceive a slight 

 but visible discoloration or browning of its surface ; this 

 generally occurs in a few seconds. I then dip the paper 

 into a solution of iodide of potassium of the same strength 

 as before, videlicet, five hundred grains to one pint of 

 water. This immersion apparently removes the visible 

 impressions caused by the light, nevertheless it does not 

 really remove it, for if the paper were to be now washed 

 with gallo-nitrate of silver it would speedily blacken all 

 over. The paper when taken out of the iodide of potas- 

 sium_ is dipped in water, and then slightly dried with 

 blotting-paper ; it is then placed in the focus of a camera 

 obscura, which is pointed at an object ; after five or ten 

 minutes the paper is withdrawn and washed with gallo- 

 nitrate of silver, and warmed as before directed : an 

 image will then appear of a positive kind, namely, repre- 

 senting the lights of the object by lights, and the shades 

 by shades. Engravings may be very well copied in the 

 same waj', and positive copies of them obtained at once 

 (reversed however from right to left). For this purpose 

 a sheet of calotype paper is taken and held in daylight to 

 darken it as before mentioned ; but for the present pur- 

 pose it should be more darkened than if it were intended 

 to be used in the camera obscura. The rest of the pro- 

 cess is the same. The engravings and the sensitive paper 

 should be pressed into close contact, with screws or 

 ottierwise, and placed in the sunshine, which generally 

 effects the copy in a minute or two. This copy, if it is 

 not sufficiently distinct, must be rendered visible or 

 strengthened with the gallo-nitrate of silver as before 

 descnbed. I am aware that the use of iodide of potas- 

 sium for obtaining positive photographs has been recom- 

 mended by others, and I do not claim it here by itself as 



fi,"^^!'!"^^"*^'""' ^^^ °"'^ '^''^^^ ^^^'^ ^"^ conjunction with 

 the gallo-nitrate of silver, or when the pictures obtained 

 are rendered visible or strengthened, subsequently to their 

 hrst tormation. In order to take portraits from the life, 

 1 prefer to use for the object-glass of the camera a lens 

 whose focal length is only three or four times greater 

 than the diameter of the aperture. The person whose 



portrait is to be taken should be so placed that the head 

 may be as steady as possible, and the camera being thea 

 pointed at it, an image is received on the sensitive calo- 

 type paper. I prefer to conduct the process in the open 

 air, under a serene sky ; but without sunshine, the image 

 is generally obtained in half a minute or a minute. If 

 sunshine is emploj^ed, a sheet of blue glass should be used 

 as a screen to defend the eyes from too much glare, be- 

 cause this glass does not materially weaken the power of 

 the chemical rays to affect the paper. The portrait thus 

 obtained on the calotype paper is a negative one, and 

 from this a positive copy may be obtained in the way 

 already described. I claim, first, the employing gallic acid 

 or tincture of galls, in conjunction with a solution of 

 silver, to render paper which has received a previous pre- 

 paration more sensitive to the action of light. Secondly, 

 the making visible photographic images upon paper, and 

 the strengthening such images when already faintly or 

 imperfectly visible by washing them with liquids which 

 act upon those parts of the paper which have been pre- 

 viously acted upon by light. Thirdly, the obtaining 

 portraits from the life by photographic means upon paper. 

 Fourthly, the employing bromide of potassium, or some 

 other soluble bromide, for fixing the images obtained." 



Warren of Poynton — Waringe (Vol. x., p. 66.)* 

 — The second son of Sir Edward Warren, by his 

 third wife Susan, daughter of Sir William Booth, 

 was named Edward. He married Susan, daughter 

 of Nathan Lane of London. Whether he was 

 ever Dean of St. Canice does not appear, but he 

 is the only person mentioned in the pedigree of 

 the Warrens of Pointon who could have held such 

 an appointment. Gkiffen. 



I. The pedigree of this house will be found in 

 Watson's Earls of Warren, vol. ii. pp. 74 — 183.; 

 in Ormerod's Cheshire, vol. iii. pp. 340 — 344. ; 

 and in the Cheshire Visitations of 1580 and 1633. 

 A MS. collection relative to the connexion of the 

 Warrens of Poynton, and those of Thorpe Arnold 

 (compiled on behalf of Sir J. B. Warren) was 

 shown to me at the Heralds' College, in or about 

 1839. 



II. I am not aware of the Dean of St. Canice's 

 connexion. 



III. The Warrens, formerly of Chidlow in 

 Cheshire (illegitimate descendants from the sixth 

 earl), will be found in Hist. Cheshire, vol. ii. 

 p. 365. ; Watson, vol. i. p. 215. 



May I ask, in return, information as to the 

 question founded on the following facts ? 



It is clear that several families of the name of 

 Waringe descend from the Poynton Warrens, 

 though Blakeway (^Sheriffs of Shropshire, p. 131.) 

 refers the Waringes of that county to the house of 

 Fitz-Warin. For instance, the Coventry Ware- 

 ings are so deduced in Harl. MS. 1167. Again, 

 although Watson (vol. ii. p. 118.) charges Tho- 

 roton with mistake, in saying that the Thorpe- 



