various Countries in Europe. 263 



We may compare this immense mortality in the torrid zone, 

 with that which occurs in Madeira, the only colonial establish- 

 ment in the temperate zone. Heberden has calculated, that 

 the deaths in that island were in the proportion of 1 to 4989, 

 of the whole inhabitants. 



The effects that the degree of perfection, more or less exten- 

 sive, of the social economy exerts on mortality, are not less ex- 

 tensive than those the cause of which is to be found in the in- 

 fluence of the climate. 



The influence of the progress of civilization is discovered by 

 comparing the ratio of the deaths to the population of the same 

 country at epochs, the intervals of which have been marked by 

 social ameliorations. The following series of universal terms 

 presents an instructive comparison : — 



The number of deaths compared with that of the inhabi- 

 tants, was, 



In Sweden, 1754 to 1763, 1 in 34, in 1821 to 1825 1 in 45 



— Denmark, 1751 to 1756 1 — 32 —1819 1—45 



— Germany, 1788 1 — 32 —1825 1—45 



— Prussia, 1717 1 — 30 —1821 to 1826 1 — 39 



— Wurtemberg, 1749 to 1754 1 — 32 —1825 1 — 45 



— Austria, 1822 1—40 —1828 to 1830 1 — 43 



— Holland, 1800 1 — 26 —1824 1 — 40 



— England, 1690 1—33 —1821 1 — 58 



— Great Britain, 1785 to 1789 1 — 43 —1800 to 1804 1 — 47 



— France, 1776 1 — 25^—1825 to 1827 1 — 39^ 



— Canton ofVaud, 1756 to 1766 1 — 35 —1824 1—47 



— Lombardy, 1769 to 1774 1 — 27 1— 1827 to 1828 1 — 31 



— Roman States, 1767 1 — 24 —1829 1—28 



— Scotland, 1801 1—44—1821 1 — 69 



Thus the mortality has diminished, — 



In Sweden, nearly ^ in 61 years ; in Denmark, § in 66 years ; in Ger- 

 many § in 37 years ; in Prussia, ^ in 106 years ; in Wurtemberg, | in 73 

 years ; in Austria y'g in 7 years ; in Holland ^ in 24 years ; in England, f in 

 131 years ; in Great Britain, ^\ in 16 years ; in France, ^ in 60 years ; in 

 Canton of Vaud, ^ in 64 years ; in Lombardy, \ in 66 years ; Roman States, 

 ^ in 62 years. 



For thirty years, the mortality has been stationary in Russia 

 and Norway ; it has increased in the kingdom of Naples. 



On the whole, there has been, for 80 years, a mortality 

 of 1 individual in 36 throughout Europe, according to Siiss- 

 milch ; our calculations do not exceed 1 in 40, according to the 



