Observations on some parts of European Turlcey. 193 



fix the exact limits between these and the Mediterranean chalk, 

 and also to decide on the presence or absence of Jurassic rocks ; 

 as there will be much less difficulty in conducting these inves- 

 tigations, when the country becomes more cultivated, and the 

 inhabitants more civilized. 



The tertiary formation is not found in the great hollows of 

 the plateau of Bosnia; it only occurs towards the north, as a bor- 

 der of low hills, occasionally covered with inconsiderable forests 

 of oak. These hills form a distinct separation between the higher 

 and older chains, and the great plains, south of the Save, which 

 abound in oak forests. They can be traced from Schabatz, in 

 Servia, to Losnitza, and thence to Brod and Dubitza, on the up- 

 per Save. In Servia, on the contrary, the tertiary hills stretch 

 far up in the great valleys as from Schabatz to Vallievo, and on 

 the eastern bank of the Kolubara. They consist of the same 

 rocks as in Hungary, clay and sand alternating with shelly or 

 coralline limestone, which is often of a white colour ; in short 

 of the medial and superior divisions of the tertiary series. Neaf 

 the Save there is loss or alluvial calcareous clay ; and we find) 

 deposited on its banks, numerous trees which have been floated 

 down by the rivers in Bosnia. 



The mineral waters, noticed by me this year (1837), were 

 chiefly hot sulphureous springs, as near Aidos, on the Tondja, 

 nine miles east of Kezanlik, at Sophia ; at Banja, on the base 

 of the Rhodopus ; at the curious Batak-hanese (boggy bath), 

 occurring in granite, half a league north-east of Banja ; at 

 Fered ; and at Banja, six miles east of Vranja. I must add to 

 these, the acidulous seltzer water of Jarmazow, near Bosna- 

 Serai ; and those of Lepenitza, between Bosna-Serai and Zwor- 

 nik. In Romelia, there are acidulous ferruginous springs at 

 Berki, near Jeni Sagra ; and at Hasskoe, east of Adrianople ; 

 but as the Turks do not sufficiently value this latter kind of 

 springs, the traveller finds more difficulty in obtaining informa- 

 tion about them than about the hot springs, which are always 

 converted into bathing places by the Turks. 



The temperature of the thermal springs is various. At Aidos 

 it was 33° R. ; at Banja, near the Rhodopus, 45© and 46° ; at 

 Sophia, 34° and 35°. However, notwithstanding this heat, the 

 water near the Tondja contains Conferva:, The chemical compo- 



VOL. XXV. NO. XLIX. JULY 1838. N 



