Geological Remarks made in a Journey in India. 369 



journey to Akbah (lat. 31° 56', long. 78° 8' E.). At this village 

 granite also occurs, but separated from that rock by a narrow 

 ravine is a low promontory of clay slate and dark flinty slate dip- 

 ping to the north. Beyond Akbah the Sutluj bends to the north, 

 and on both sides of the river the outline of the rocks is considerably 

 softened in consequence of their being evidently composed of perish- 

 able clay slate similar to that at Mussoori ; but in the more distant 

 ranges, granite, mica slate and gneiss may be detected by the rugged 

 outline and the great height of the rocks. This clay slate, Mr. 

 Everest says, is not of later origin than the granite and crystalline 

 schists, because it is penetrated by veins of granite which may be 

 traced to the great masses of that formation. The dip of the slate 

 on one side of the river is west, and on the opposite apparently east. 

 Beyond Lipi, a few miles from Akbah, are precipices of clay slate, 

 talc slate, and dark flinty slate interstratified with greenstone. 

 After quitting Khanum the country becomes still more desolate, and 

 the strata consist, first of earthy slate, in some places carbonaceous, 

 in others brecciated, then of greyish green highly consolidated green- 

 stone, and afterwards of masses of blackish and brownish grey com- 

 pact limestone. The valley of the Namkulling, a small tributary of 

 the Sutluj, presents a fine section of these strata, the upper part 

 being composed of the limestone and the lower of the slate. The 

 dip from Khanum is between west and south-west. From Seenum 

 (lat. 32°5',long. 78° 16'E.) Mr. Everest proceeded across theHun- 

 gung pass, 14,837 feet above the sea. The ground being covered with 

 snow, little of the structure of the country was visible, but projecting 

 strata of reddish brown compact limestone appeared on the crest of 

 the hill. The view northward presented bare rocks as far as the eye 

 could reach, but from the softness of the outlines, Mr. Everest infers, 

 that the strata belong to secondary or tertiary deposits. Rugged 

 ridges of primary rocks resembling dykes cross this dreary expanse. 

 Beyond Hango (lat. 32° 12', long. 38° 18' E.) beds of reddish and 

 greenish grey compact limestone alternate with earthy and car- 

 bonaceous shale, the dip being to the north-west, and blocks of 

 greyish quartzose sandstone are scattered over the surface. These 

 appearances extend to the heights above Leo, where the earthy shales 

 are traversed by veins and layers of granite, and at the point of 

 contact are changed into mica slate. In the descent to the village, 

 nearly 2000 feet, the granite veins gradually increase in number, pre- 

 dominating in the lower parts ; and the associated rocks become more 

 and more crystalline, so that near the river nothing is visible but 

 mica slate, gneiss, quartz slate and granular limestone, the strata 

 dipping to the south-west. Beyond Leo (lat. 32° 18', long. 78° 17'E.) 

 the road ascends over granite and dark mica slate, containing kyanite 

 and pistacite ; but the earthy strata are stated to occur at higher levels. 

 On the opposite side of the river is a section several thousand feet in 

 vertical dimensions intersected by a net- work of granite veins and 

 crossed by black stains derived from the carbonaceous layers. On 

 opening on the hollow in which the village of Change is situated 

 earthy strata again appear. This point was the boundary of Mr. 



