Geology of the South of Westmoreland. 559 



conformity is stated to be more manifest to the westward ; for where 

 the limestone bends round by Kirkby Lonsdale bridge it dips 25° or 

 30° to the south-south-east ; at Catshole quarry the strata are arched 

 with a north-west strike ; at Hollin Hall quarry the dip is south-west 

 30°, and at Teamside 40° south-east ; but the old red sandstone dips 

 throughout, as far as the beds can be seen, to the east. At Caster- 

 ton the loose conglomerate is 100 feet thick, and passes downwards 

 into red marl, occasionally mottled blue, and estimated to be fifty feet 

 thick. This marl rests on alternating beds of red marl and red sand- 

 stone, beneath which is a considerable deposit of dark red tilestone 

 and light- coloured sandstone, forming the passage beds into the Lud- 

 low rocks. The total thickness is estimated at 1000 feet. To the 

 north of the Casterton fault, the lower beds of the old red sandstone 

 arc stated to be raised up and exposed, far to the eastward of their 

 position below Casterton ; and above this spot the right bank of the 

 river is said to be composed of the lowest beds of the tilestones and 

 the passage beds into the Ludlow rock, but the left bank to consist 

 of tilestones and red sandstones. The dip is east, at an angle of 25°. 

 Mr. Sharpe also assigns to the old red sandstone, but not definitive- 

 ly, the bed of brown gravel, or of brown clay full of pebbles, which 

 covers the whole of the valley of the Lune to its junction with the 

 Rathay, and up that valley nearly to Sedbcrgh. It forms a line of 

 low hills on each side of the Lune, resting on the northern edge of 

 the tilestones above Barbon Beck, and conceals the junction of the 

 Ludlow rocks on the right of the Lune with the Windermere rocks 

 on the left of that river. 



5b. Several limited patches of old red sandstone occur in the 

 neighbourhood of Kendal, the remnants, in the author's opinion, of a 

 once continuous mass. They consist, near Kirkby Lonsdale, of red 

 conglomerates, red marls, and red and light-coloured sandstones, 

 with tilestones, which pass downwards into the Ludlow rocks. 

 Some of these patches, as on the top of Helme and at Monument 

 Hill, two miles north-east of Kendal, have been raised to a consider- 

 ably higher level than the rest of the formation. Three miles above 

 Kendal the old red sandstone is well- exposed on the banks of the 

 Sprint, consisting of 



Loose conglomerate 60 to 80 feet. 



Red marl 50 ... 



Thin-bedded red sandstone 30 ... 



The strike of the beds is north by west, and the dip east by north 

 10°, and they are unconformable to the adjacent older rocks. Similar 

 beds are slightly exposed in the banks of the Mint, near Lavrock 

 Bridge, striking east, and dipping 5° north, a bearing different from 

 that of all the neighbouring rocks. They are separated from a more 

 extensive patch about Greyrigg by an anticlinal ridge of the middle 

 division of the Windermere rocks, but they cover a considerable area 

 capped by nearly horizontal beds of mountain limestone. Around 

 Kendal is another doubtful deposit of brown gravel, and the castle 

 stands upon it. 



5c. Shap and Tebay.— The course of the Birkbeck, from its rise 



