Geology of the South of Westmoreland. 561 



irregularity of the position of the former, yet the author thinks, that 

 from the want of conformity of the Ludlow rocks to the Windermere, 

 and from the faults which traverse them extending into the old red 

 sandstone, that they were deposited subsequently to the protrusion 

 of the granite. Having thus defined the limit of that event, Mr. 

 Sharpe proceeds to show its effects. In the south of Westmoreland, 

 he says, it threw into a high angle the strata of Coniston limestone 

 and Windermere schists, and produced the great east and west faults 

 around Coniston and Windermere, as well as in Middleton and Cas- 

 terton Fells ; likewise the dislocations of the Coniston limestone, 

 with their prolongations in the valleys of Coniston, Esthwaite, Win- 

 dermere, Kentmere, Long Sleddale, &c, which are not continued 

 into the Ludlow rocks. These valleys, or lines of cracks, Mr. Sharpe 

 says, are quite distinct in character from the north and south syn- 

 clinal valleys in those rocks ; he is also of opinion that the valley 

 of the Lune had a similar origin, but the older rocks being con- 

 cealed by newer deposits, its resemblance to the other valleys is less 

 complete. 



Mr. Sharpe did not observe any proof of the Ludlow rocks having 

 been disturbed anterior to the deposition of the old red sandstone, 

 but, he says, there is abundant evidence of both those formations 

 having been dislocated before the accumulation of the mountain 

 limestone, as the limestone of Kendal Fell rests in a nearly horizontal 

 position upon the upraised edges of an anticlinal ridge of Ludlow 

 rocks, from which a covering of old red sandstone is considered to 

 have been partially denudated : the anomalous manner in which the 

 limestone overlies the old red sandstone of Kirkby Lonsdale is, he 

 sa)'S, another instance. The principal north and south faults of the 

 Ludlow rocks, and a portion of the Windermere schist, between 

 Windermere and the Lune, are, however, considered by the author 

 to be of later origin than the mountain limestone, and he particularly 

 refers to the disturbances at Natlands, Farleton Knot, Hutton Roof, 

 Lupton Fell, Witherslack, Whitbarrow and Kendal Fell. Lastly, 

 the author calls attention to the successive elevation of hills in one 

 direction by forces acting at different periods as a phaenomenon which 

 has not received the thought it deserves ; and he points out as an 

 instance the Windermere schists forming the high chain of Middle- 

 ton and Casterton Fells, which chains, he says, were elevated from 

 the north at the period of the eruption of the Shap granite, nearly as 

 they are at present, for they formed, he states, the boundary of the 

 great hollow in which the Ludlow rocks were deposited ; and the 

 great faults which cross the Fells in an east and west direction were, 

 he is of opinion, formed at the same period, the mountain limestone 

 not having been broken through by the faults in which the Rathay, 

 the Dee, and the Barbon traverse the chain : yet this chain of hills 

 has been elevated, he adds, in the same north and south direction 

 subsequently to the deposition of the mountain limestone, the whole 

 band of limestone resting upon their eastern flanks having been 

 thrown up to a high angle, and in some places much disturbed. 



Phil. Mag. S. a . No. 1 4 1 . SuppL Vol. 2 1 . 2 P 



