16 HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS. 



Euonymm — Sexes, hermaphrodite; calyx, four-six-lobed ; petals, four- six, 

 inserted in the disk; stamens, four-six; fruit, a dehiscent capsule of three-five 

 cells; seeds, with an aril; leaves, mostly opposite. 



Celastrus — Sexes, mostly hermaphrodite; fruit, a dehiscent capsule of two- 

 three cells; seeds, without an aril; leaves, alternate. 



JVemopantJies — Sexes, polygamous or dioecious; calyx, minute, four- five- 

 parted; petals, five; fruit, an indehiscent berry, three-four cells and three-four- 

 seeded. 



Maytenus — Sexes, polygamous; calyx, five-cleft; petals, five; stamens, five; 

 fruit, a dehiscent capsule of one-four cells; seeds, few in bottom of cells, each 

 with an aril; leaves, alternate. 



Gassine — Sexes, hermaphrodite; calyx, minute, four-five-parted; petals, five; 

 fruit, an almost dry drupe, its nut indehiscent, slender, of three cells and 

 three seeds, each pendulous from the top of a cell; leaves, opposite. 



Hartogia — Sexes, hermaphrodite; calyx, four-five-cleft; petals, four-five; 

 stamens, four-five; fruit, a dry drupe, its nut indehiscent, ovate, of two cells 

 and two seeds; leaves, opposite. 



Genus I. 



Euonymus, {Spindle Tree,) Tetra-Hexandria Monogynia. — There are about 

 twenty-five species, besides mixtures, of EuonymtLs known in gardens. The 

 E. Europoeus is common throughout Europe; its wood, from the earliest ages, 

 has been used in making various domestic utensils, particularly for making 

 netting-needles and spindles. In England it is employed in the manufacture 

 of musical instruments; in Scotland it is employed, with the wood of Cylissus 

 alpinus, or Alpine Laburnum, in making noggins or luggies, that is, small 

 vessels for porridge, and drinking out of; in Germany the small branches are 

 employed for the shanks of tobacco pipes, the wood split into thin pieces is 

 made into what are called whisks for driving away flies, and a charcoal is 

 made of the shoots, which is much valued by artists, from the lines made by 

 it being easily efiaced. This charcoal is made by putting shoots of two years' 

 growth into an air-tight iron tube, and then into a fire till it becomes red 

 hot; the tube is then taken out, and allowed to become cool before the 

 charcoal is withdrawn. Their fruit has been employed by dyers, who derive 

 green, yellow, and red from them; green is obtained by boiling the seeds with 

 alum, yellow by boiling the seeds alone, and red by using the capsules : the fruit 

 and inner bark are purgative and emetic. The principal use of the Spindle 

 Tree in Britain at the present time is for butchers and cooks for skewers. 

 In plantations the species are very interesting in autumn, by their numerous 

 pendant capsules of a bright red colour, or pure white, and their white or 

 orange-coloured seeds, spreading rays of brilliancy over the departing season. 

 It is propagated by seeds, layers, and cuttings in sandy soil under a hand-glass. 



Genus II. 

 Celastrus, (Staff Tree,) Pentandria Monogynia. — The stems of C. secundum 

 are woody and flexible, arid twist themselves round trees or shrubs, girding 



