540 Geological Society : Dr. Mantell 



the Lammermuirs, is very great, but the series is far from being com- 

 plete, there being no appearance of the older strata on the one hand, 

 and on the other their junction with the newer formations is always 

 unconformable. The materials of which they are composed were pro- 

 bably derived from the disintegration of the granites and primary 

 schists to the westward. 



2. The formation next in order is the upper division of the old 

 red sandstone, the members of which rest unconformably upon the 

 upturned ends of the greywacke. The lowest member of it is an 

 old red sandstone conglomerate, consisting of fragments of grey- 

 wacke and felspathic rocks, cemented by a paste which is generally 

 arenaceous, sometimes calcareous. It varies much in thickness. 



3. Red and greenish white sandstones succeed with soft red ar- 

 gillaceous strata. Part of these seem to have been formed in a shal- 

 low sea, since they exhibit ripple-marks, and contain remains of 

 Holoptychius and Dendrodus. Another portion contains few traces 

 of fossils, and was probably deposited in deeper water. Some curious 

 spindle-shaped concretions and the impressions called Kelpie's feet 

 occur, also traces of Fuci. Two localities near Preston-Haugh, and 

 one at the foot of the Knock-hill, are all in which organic remains 

 have as yet been found. 



4. After the deposition of the strata containing the remains of 

 the Holoptychius, &c, a subsidence to a considerable extent took 

 place, after which a succession of strata of great thickness was de- 

 posited above them. These rocks seem to have been formed in 

 deeper water than the ichthyolitic beds. They consist of red and 

 greenish white sandstones interstratified with beds of a softer and 

 more argillaceous character, and of a deep red colour. They seem 

 to contain no organic remains except vegetable impressions (Algee ?) 

 which occur in abundance in a bed of red sandstone, perhaps 100 

 feet above the strata containing the animal remains. 



5. Above the soft, red and white sandstones are calcareous shales, 

 sandstones and cornstones, or impure concretionary limestones, with- 

 out fossils. The junction of these with the sandstones is not seen, 

 being cut off by faults and trap dykes. 



6. The lower portion of the coal-measures succeeds, consisting of 

 shales, marls, clays, and sandstones containing ironstone bands and 

 gypsum, and abounding in vegetable fossils, consisting of Conifercc, 

 Stigmarm, Lepidodendra, and other coal plants. This formation is 

 well developed over the greater part of the Merse of Berwickshire. 



7 . Next in order are some thick beds of reddish sandstone, under- 

 lying > ■; 



8. Carboniferous strata, consisting of sandstones, shales, &c, in- 

 cluding three or four coal-seams. 



9. The encrinal limestone, seen a little north of Berwick. 



Mr. Stevenson remarks that the Berwickshire carboniferous strata 

 appear to correspond with the lower beds of the Fife and Lothian 

 coal-fields, considered by Mr. Milne and others to belong to the 

 mountain limestone, and to be considerably lower than the New- 

 castle coal strata. With regard to the inquiry whether new red 

 sandstone exists in Berwickshire, Mr. Stevenson is inclined to 



