CONTENTS 
xiii 
CHAPTER XIV 
THE FAUNA OF EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA 
PAGE 
South American monkeys, their distribution and geological history 
— Sloths — The birds of South America—On fossil mammals and 
Old World affinities — The theory of an ancient land connection 
between South America and Africa — Evidence derived from 
the distribution of reptiles, amphibians, fishes, mollusks and 
fresh-water crabs — Dr. von Ihering’s researches — Fernando de 
Noronha and St. Helena — The fauna of St. Helena and its 
antiquity—Tristan da Cunha ...... 363-394 
CHAPTER XY 
ARGENTINA AND CHILE 
The fauna of Argentina—Prof. Ameghino’s discoveries of fossils 
and their importance—Fossil edentates and rodents — Faunistic 
affinities — The llama and its origin—Fossil elephants—Ancient 
land connections between South and North America—Fossil 
plants — Floral affinities — The circum-Pacific land belt —- 
Antarctic problems — On the Antarctic continent — Affinities 
of the faunas of Patagonia and New Zealand — On a Pacific 
continent—The marine fauna of Patagonia—The Falkland 
islands—Antarctic expeditions—The pendulation theory 395-435 
