Physical Structure of the Site of Rome. \B 



here and there detached portions of tufa. All these materials 

 have evidently been deposited by fresh water, and which must 

 have stood at a considerable height above the summit of this ' 

 hill. 



The Quirinal Hill — Lies contiguous to the Pincian, and is 

 nearly identical with it in composition, viz. a central mass of 

 granular tufa, covered with the fresh water deposit of the siliceo- 

 ealcareous sand, and beds of marl. The tufa has been found 

 within three feet of the summit, containing fragments of sco- 

 riaceous lava. 



The Viminal Hill — Is identical in composition with the Pin- 

 cian and Quirinal, and has its sides also covered by fresh water 

 deposits. 



The Esquiline Hill — Is of greater extent than the other hills; 

 of an irregular shape, being divided into several subordinate 

 parts. Indeed the Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquiline hills, may 

 almost be said to form one hill, both in form and substance. 

 There are two principal heights of the Esquiline; Mons CispiuSy 

 next the Viminal, and Mons Appius, next the Ccelian. It is the 

 highest of the seven hills, being 229 feet above the Tiber. 



Mons Cispius is chiefly composed of granular tufa, which in 

 one place contains a thin stratum of pumice, and in other places 

 portions of scoriae, lava, pebbles, and fragments of white pumice. 

 Mons Appius is also composed of beds of granular tufa of va- 

 rious structure, and of stony tufa, and of clay. 



The Agger of Servius Tullius. — This artificial mound runs 

 along the summit of the plain of the Quirinal, Viminal, and part 

 of the Esquiline hill, in a direction nearly north and south, be- 

 ing somewhat less than a mile in length, and about fifty feet 

 broad ; and it is the general opinion that it was erected as a 

 fortification against hostile incursions from that side. In some 

 parts of it which have been opened, it was found to be composed 

 of blocks of peperino lava. 



The Ccelian Hill — Lies between the Esquiline and Aventine, 

 and, like the Palatine and Capitoline, is insulated. Its height 

 is not more than 146 feet above the river. It appears to be 

 chiefly composed of stony tufa, like that found in Mons Appiua 

 in the Esquihne, but covered with deposits like the other hills, 

 containing fresh water shells.' 



