236 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 



specimens, whether examined by reflected light, or by transmitted 

 light, after cutting out the lateral portion of the integuments of the 

 head, and clearing it of its internal contents, not the least trace of eyes 

 could be discovered, whereas, Schiodte detected in his fourteen ocelli at 

 each side arranged as in Lipura fimetaria, but quite white, from which 

 he concludes that they are useless for vision. It seems singular to find, 

 in that case, a perfect and normal development of cornea, such as he 

 represents, without any formation of pigment behind it ; but as Schiodte 

 has stated the many fruitless endeavours he had first made to discover 

 these organs, and the manner in which he at last succeeded, I am pre- 

 cluded from supposing any error of observation on his part, and am com- 

 pelled to consider the difference a strong argument for the specific dis- 

 tinction of the Lipura of the Irish caves from that of Adelsberg. While 

 in the former not the least evidence of the presence of eyes could be 

 detected, the Macrotoma found in the same caves, nearer the entrance, 

 had these organs quite distinct, so that it could by no means be con- 

 founded with the allied genus Tritomurus of the Austrian caves, which 

 is destitute of eyes, and presents a different form of the saltatory fork. 

 In the Lipura the saltatory apparatus is quite obsolete, as Schiodte has 

 described it (except in the youngest form, where two small crooked 

 spines appear as a rudimentary trace of the posterior fork) ; and the man- 

 dibles are sufficiently apparent to exclude it from Achorutes. As usual, 

 the foot consists of a single claw, but inside this is a stout curved bristle 

 of about equal length, which doubtless co-operates with the claw, and 

 supplies, in some measure, the want of a second claw. The usual ma- 

 milla, or tube, under the first neutral segment is well developed, pro- 

 jecting backwards under the base of the second. The colour of the in- 

 sect is a uniform opaque white, the length little more than a line." 



The reasons for altering the generic name from Anurophorus, under 

 which Schiodte characterized it first, to Lipura, will be found in 

 Gervais' '. Insectes Apteres,' who has justly remarked that Anuro- 

 phorus of Nicolet (" Recherches pour servir a l'Histoire Naturelle des 

 Podurelles") is equivalent to, and later in date than, Lipura Burmeister 

 ("Handbuch der Entomologie," vol. ii.). 



"We have in this country two other white species of Lipura ; the 

 common Lipura fimetaria (L.) f which is found under stones in damp 

 places, common enough ; and another which lives under stones in the 

 bed of the sea, uncovered at low water, in company with, but very much 

 rarer than, Achorutes maritimus. 



Mr. Haliday informs me of several errors into which Gervais has 

 fallen as to the synonyms of the former of these species, either from 

 negligence or want of judgment. " In the first place he has chosen the 

 trivial name of amhulans, identifying it with Podura ambulans of Linnaeus, 

 which, from the express character given, l furca extensa? can hardly be 

 anything else than the Campodea staphylinus of Westwood. The binary 

 number of appendages to the tail doubtless determined Linnaeus to refer 

 this insect to Podura, while Otho Miiller, with a juster appreciation of 

 affinities, made of it a Lepisma (Z. minuta, 'Zoologicae Danicae Prodomus' 



