290 ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN 



hence the difficulty of having any positive physiognomical know- 

 ledge of such characters. 



The accuracy of these statements ay be verified in the following 

 manner : — by observing the features under the excitement of strong 

 passions — such as fear, anger, pride, firmness, &c. In these highly- 

 excited states of the primitive feelings of Cautiousness, Destructive- 

 ness. Self-esteem, &c., the complex muscles of the mouth indicate 

 marked differences in their arrangement and combinations. This is 

 confirmed by the fact, that when individuals have their casts taken 

 in plaster, whatever states of mind they have experienced will be 

 imparted to the bust. In my own museum, I have children's casts 

 smiling with Love-of-approbation, frowning because scolded, affected 

 almost to the very act of crying, and with closely compressed lips, 

 strongly expressive of great firmness and a determination not to 

 cry, &c 



We must, therefore, judge of the relative importance of Phrenolo- 

 gy and Physiognomy by their respective practical merits. It is pos- 

 sible by the former to specify particular intellectual powers, and, in 

 an insane establishment, to point out persons partially affected, as in 

 cases of monomania, and, in the prison, to form an accurate estimate 

 of the degree of criminality of each offender.* There is, however, 

 one physiognomical observation I have made, which seems to be 

 almost a rule absolute ; viz. — that persons guilty of great crimes — 

 say murder, or murder and robbery — are generally veiy ugly ; and 

 in my own collection there are many so much alike, and their habits 

 and crimes so similar, that a casual observer would say, there was a 

 great family likeness among them. But this sameness of expression 

 is quite corroborative of the opinions before submitted. These cri- 

 minals having similarly fonned heads — the base of the brain and 

 back part of the head (behind the meatus auditorius externus) 

 being in the greater proportion, which gave them a bias to ani- 

 mal and selfish gratifications, and which they cultivated by associat- 

 ing with criminal minds, and by not having any appeals made to 

 their higher sentiments : hence, from the constancy of particular ac- 

 tions transmitted to the muscles of the face, we have ample means of 

 accounting for their countenances being very similar, I select the 

 following illustrative examples : — 



Heffell and Kipple were executed at Horsemonger-lane, for the 



• The first experiment instituted by the writer, was when Sir W. C. Ellis 

 was Medical Resident at the Pauper Lunatic Asylum at Wakefield; and the 

 «econd was made by my late friend, Dr. Spurzheim, in the Hull gaol. 



