Dv Knox's theory of HermaphrodAsm. 



abave shows, that this is owing, not, as was originally sup- 

 posed, to the malformation of the single set of elements of or- 

 gans, which, assuming the female character, determined the 

 female sex, and vice versa, but to the simultaneous develope* 

 ment of two sets of elements of organs, male and female, which 

 co-exist, but which in the normal condition of the organs are 

 only singly developed. 



Part III' — Application of the new law for discovering" the 

 nature oj rudimentary orgafis, hy determining the original 

 ty^pe of construction, to the respiratory organs ; — theory 

 of the respiratory organs, showing them to be at once pul- 

 monary and branchial. 



As in some animals both the male and female organs are 

 found together, so also do we find in some animals two struc- 

 tures for the oxygenation of the blood co-existent, or developed 

 one after the other, as in the tadpole. 



It is hard to conceive how, if these two organs were identi- 

 cal, as is supposed, they could exist at the same time in one in- 

 dividual, which they assuredly do in the Proteus and Syren. 

 Here the principles, on which hermaphrodism has been ex- 

 plained, may be applied, and we may therefore say, that the 

 type of the respiratory organs is double ; it is both pulmonary 

 and branchial ; the elements of both sets of organs are Jbund 

 infi all vertebral animals. 



From this it follows, that lungs and gills, although analo- 

 gous, are not identical organs, and that they can no more be 

 changed into each other, than male into female organs. 



Admitting this, we can now explain certain bones in fishes 

 which have never been exactly determined ; these are the bones 

 which support the gills, called by some ribs, and by others 

 hyoid bones. Lungs and gills are analogous, but not identical 

 organs, the elements out of which the gills are formed, are not 

 the same as those out of which the lungs are ; therefore, when 

 we analyze the structure of the gills, and find the branchial 

 arches, we say that they are organs belonging essentially i6 



which was the subject of the latttr case, when alive, are strongly in favoui! 

 of the probability of this. 



