Mar. 12. 1853.] 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



257 



In Pinkerton's Poems from the Maitland MSS. 

 is one, purporting to be the composition of Thomas 

 of Ercildoune, which begins thus : 



" When a man is made a kyng of a capped man." 



After this line follow others of the same bearing, 

 until we come to these : 



" When ryeht aut wronge astente togedere, 

 When laddes weddeth lovedies," &c. 



The prophet is not, in these words, inveighing 

 ^against ill-assorted alliances between young men 

 and old women ; but is alluding to a general botde- 

 versement of society, when mesalliances of noble 

 women to ignoble men will take place. 



This sense of the word gives us, I think, some 

 lelp towards tracing its derivation, and I have no 

 doubt that its real parent is the Anglo-Saxon 

 lilafmta, — a word to be found in one instance only, 

 in a corner of ^thelbyrt's Domas : " Gif man 

 ceorles hlafcetan of-steth vi scyllingum gebete." 



By the same softening of sound which made lord 

 and lady out of hlaford and hlcefdige, hla/ceta 

 Tsecame lad, and hlafcetstre became lass. As the 

 lord supplied to his dependants the bread which 

 they ate, so each thus derived from the loaf the 

 appellation of their mutual relation, in the plain 

 phraseology of our ancestors. 



Dr. Leo, in his interesting commentary on the 

 Itectitudines singularum personarum (edit. Halle, 

 1842, p. 144.), says : 



" Ganz analog dem Verhaltnisse von ealdore und 

 (lingra ist das Verhaltniss von hlaford (brodherrn), 

 hlwfdige (brodherrin), und hlafceta (brodeszer). Hla- 

 Jhrd ist am Ende zum Standestitel (lord) geworden ; 

 urspriinglich bezeichnet esjeden Gebieter; die Kinder, 

 die Leibeigiien, die abhangigen freien Leute, alles was 

 zum Hausstande und zum Gefolge eines Mannes gehbrt, 

 werden als dessen hlaf atari bezeichnet." 



Perhaps some of your readers may favour my- 

 self and others by giving the derivation of hoy and 

 girl H. C. C. 



iKtnor §,atzi. 



Zona. — The ancient name of this celebrated 

 island was / (an island), or I-ColumbMlle (the 

 island of Columba of the Churches). In all the 

 ancient tombstones still existing in the island, it is 

 called nothing but Hy ; and I have no doubt that 

 its modern name of lona is a corruption, arising 

 from mistaking ti for n. In the very ancient copy 

 •of Adamnan's Life of St. Columhkille, formerly 

 belonging to the monastery of Reichenau (Aygia 

 Dives), and now preserved in the town library of 

 Schaffhausen, which I had an opportunity of ex- 

 amining very carefully last summer, the name is 

 written everywhere, beyond the possibility of 

 doubt, loua, which was evidently an attempt to 

 give a power of Latinised declension to the an- 



cient Celtic /. It was pronounced I-wa (i.e. 

 Ee-wa). Who first made the blunder of changing 

 the u into n ? J. H. Todd. 



Trin. Coll. Dublin. 



Inscriptions in Parochial Registers. — Very quaint 

 and pithy mottoes are sometimes prefixed to paro- 

 chial registers. I know not whether any commu- 

 nications on this subject are to be found in your 

 pages. The following are examples, and may 

 perhaps elicit from your readers additional inform- 

 ation. 



Cherry-Hinton, Cambridgeshire : 



" Hie puer aetatem, hie Vir sponsalia noscat, 

 Hie decessorum funera quisque sciat." 

 EiUyton of the Eleven Towns, Salop : 

 " No flatt'ry here, where to be born and die, 

 Of rich and poor is all the history : 

 Enough, if virtue fill'd the space between, 

 Prov'd, by the ends of being, to have been." 



Geobge S. Master. 

 Welsh-Hampton, Salop. 



Lieutenant. — The vulgar pronunciation of this 

 word, leftenant, probably arose from the old prac- 

 tice of confounding u and v. It is spelt leivtenant 

 in the Colonial Kecords of New York. The 

 chano;es may have been lievtenant, levtenant, lef- 

 tenant. Uneda. 



Philadelphia. 



" Prigging Tooth " or " Pugging Tooth." — Mr. 

 Collier, in his new book on Shakspeare, contain- 

 ing early manuscript corrections of the folio of 

 1632, says at page 191., in enumerating those of 

 the Winters Tale, that the emendator substitutes 

 (Act IV. Sc.2.) "prigging tooth"for the "pugging 

 tooth " of the old copies. Now this, I believe, has 

 been the generally received interpretation, but it 

 is quite wrong. Prigging, that is stealing, tooth, 

 would be nonsense ; pugging is the correct word, 

 and is most expressive. Antolycus means his 

 molar — his grinding tooth is set on edge. 



A pugglng-mill (sometimes abbreviated and 

 called pug-mill) is a machine for crushing and 

 tempering lime, consisting of two heavy rollers or 

 wheels in a circular trough ; the wheels are hung 

 loose upon the ends of a bar of iron or axle-tree, 

 which is fastened by the centre either to the top 

 or bottom of an upright spindle, moved by a horse 

 or other power, as the case may be, thus causing 

 the wheels in their circuit to revolve from their 

 friction upon the trough, and so to bruise the nuts 

 of lime, which together with the sand and water 

 are fed by a labourer, who removes the mortar 

 when made. The machine is of course variously 

 constructed for the kind of work it has to do : 

 there is a pugging-mill used in the making of 

 bricks that is fitted with projecting knives to cut 

 and knead the clay. 



