334 Richard Owen, Esq., on Comparative Osteology. 



typified respectively by the Dog, the Civet, the Hysena, the Cat, 

 the Stoat, the Bear, and the Seal. Characters of the cranium and 

 jaws : Vertebral column : centres of motion indicated by spinous 

 processes. Modifications of the extremities in the plantigrade Bear, 

 the digitigrade Dog and Lion, and the pinnigrade Seal, lletractile 

 claws of the Felines. 



Quadrumana. — General characters and primary divisions of the 

 order, and their geographical limitations. LemuridfB, Platyrldna^ 

 Catarhina, Vertebrae of the trunk, of the tail, of the head. Pro- 

 gressive expansion of the cranium and diminution of the face as the 

 series ascends, and the reverse as the individual grows. Retention 

 of the immature proportions in the smaller Simise. Occipital and 

 lambdoidal cristse of the great Baboons. Change of position and 

 plane of occipital foramen : expansion of facial angle. Complete 

 and parallel orbits. Premaxillaries. Lower jaw. Hyoid bone : 

 its singular expansion in the Howlers. Scapular arch and limbs. 

 Pelvic arch and limbs : semi-inversion of tarsus. Carpal and tarsal 

 bones compared. Antiquity of the Quadrumana. Concordance 

 of geographical distribution of extinct with recent forms. 



Lecture xxii. — Comparison of the Apes or Anthropoid Quadru- 

 mana with Man. Historical sketch of the knowledge acquired of 

 the genera Pithecus and Troglodytes^ and of their species. Skele- 

 tons of the adults compared. Skulls of the young contrasted with 

 those of the adult. Deciduous and permanent dentitions. Sexual 

 distinctions of the teeth. Cranial and dental characters of the great 

 Chimpanzee (Troglodytes Gorilla). Its reported habits and fero- 

 city. Its skull and that of the great Orang {^Pithecus Wurmhii) 

 compared with the skull of the Negro. Characteristics of the human 

 vertebral column, pelvis, upper and lower extremities, and dentition, 

 illustrated by comparison with those of the Orang and Chimpanzee. 

 Osteological characters of the Ethiopian, Mongolian, and Caucasian 

 racee of Man. Question of the modifiability of characters considered 

 in respect of the differences manifested in the skeletons of the An- 

 thropoid Apes and Man. Recent introduction, and inadequacy of 

 the transmutation-hypothesis to account for the origin of the human 

 species. 



Lectures xxiii. and xxiv. — Unity of plan of the Vertebrate ske- 

 leton demonstrated by a retrospective survey of the characters of the 

 vertebrae in Fishes, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. The archetype- 

 vertebra : its autogenous elements and exogenous processes. Extreme 

 modifications of the type in the atlas and dentata : in the sacrum : 

 in the carapace, and in the skull. Cranial vertebrae. Nature of 

 limbs : their special, serial, and general Homologies. Conclusion. 



