Descent and Upheaval over the Northern Hemisphere. 323 



coast, around the Persian Gulf, and so on to Scinde, and by 

 the shores of Goozerat and Cutch. Of the delta of the Indies 

 I shall have occasion to speak by and by, and so at present 

 pass over Kurrachee. At Gogo, in the Gulf of Cambay, the 

 raised beach is peculiarly conspicuous ; the gravel and shells 

 are here cemented into a variety of stone, on which I have 

 bestowed the term " Littoral Concrete," from its being 

 always found near the shore, and from its resemblance to the 

 artificial building material called concrete. At Gogo it over- 

 lays a huge mass of blue clay. With the interruption 

 occasioned by the Delta of the Jap tee, the raised beach, 

 mostly consisting of the material just named, extends all 

 along the shore to Bombay, and so on to the southward ; and, 

 though I cannot speak from experience of the coast further 

 south than 19°, I have great reason to believe it to be con- 

 tinuous, and feel almost certain that the specimens sent to 

 me from Cochin, by General Cullen, belong to it. The 

 upheaval, in all these cases, varies from six to nine or fifteen 

 feet above high-water, rarely attaining the higher elevation. 

 The same thing prevails around a large portion of the shores 

 of Ceylon. 



3. Darwin speaks of a calcareous deposit in New Holland, 

 consisting of rock, which he thinks must have been formed 

 by the drifting up of sand and shells over a mass of wood, 

 the whole being afterwards consolidated by rain-water. This, 

 I have no doubt, is an instance of the variety of formation, 

 and a proof of the double movement under review ;* and it 

 seems not improbable that the shell-formation of Madeira 

 belongs to the same class of beaches, though of this I must 

 not speak with confidence.! 



4. The island of Mauritius is belted by an enormous coral- 

 reef throughout its whole surface, excepting about ten miles. 

 Between Savanne and the Bois-du-Cap the sea foams against 

 a barrier of coral from five to fifteen feet in height, and 

 wears it into the most fantastic shapes. At a considerable 



* Journal of Researches by Charles Darwin. 



t M' Aulay and .lameson's Journal, 1840. The Madeira wood is spoken of as 

 being solidified ; if so, it must belong to a much more ancient date than that 

 about to be described. 



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