250 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



[No. 283. 



they followed, by some personal peculiarity, or 

 the like. 



From many ancient deeds which I have ex- 

 amined, I am inclined to classify the derivation of 

 surnames as follows : 



1. From manors or parishes. We constantly 

 find such descriptions as Robertus Dominus de 

 Stanton, Gulielmus de Belton; from which, in 

 process of time, would come the surnames of 

 Stanton and Belton. Hence it is that when two 

 sons of the same father became posasssed of dif- 

 ferent manors, and took their descriptions from 

 them, they became the ancestors of two families 

 bearing different surnames derived from such 

 manors. See an instance given by Mk. Ella- 

 combe, Vol. xi., p. 194. 



2. From the place at which the person lived : 

 as, Robertus de Bosco, Robert of the Wood ; Wil- 

 lielmus super Montem, William on the Mount ; 

 Henricus ad caput Venellaa, Henry at the top of 

 the Lane ; Andreas ad Fraxinum, Andrew at the 

 Ash. Hence would come the surnames Wood", 

 Mount, Lane, and Ash. In this class also would 

 come words ending in " house." There are three 

 places called Woodhouse in Leicestershire (Pot- 

 ter's Charnwood), one in Staffordshire, and one in 

 Derbyshire, and a Stonehouse in Gloucestershire. 

 In truth, the houses were named from their own 

 peculiarities, and afterwards their inhabitants 

 were named from the houses so called. 



3. From offices : as. Constable, Marshal, Chap- 

 lain, Clerk, Hayward. In a deed I have without 

 date, and therefore probably before 1300, I find 

 mention of Galfridus le Sower MaiT (manerii) in 

 Boltone. May I ask what office this was ? I have 

 met with Robertus le Sawere in a deed cited in 

 Potter's Charnwood, p. 177. This, I presume, means 

 the Sawyer, and, if so, falls within my next head. 



4. From trades, occupations, &c. : as, le pistor, 

 the Baker ; le molendinarius, the Miller ; Gil- 

 bertus le Tailloure, Gilbert the Tailor. 



5. From peculiarities of person : as, Long, Short, 

 Crouchback. 



6. From peculiarities in dress, arms, &c. : as 

 Curthose, Shorthose, Fortescue (from forte scu- 

 tu7n), Strongbow. 



7. From the parent : as, Robertus filius Alani, 

 Robert Fitzallan, according to the Norman French. 

 This description is so common, that it is plain it 

 was applied to legitimate as well as illegitimate 

 children. 



8. From some appellation by which the person 

 had become distinguished : as, Thomas dictus le 

 Graunge. Here would come our nicknames, of 

 which the mining districts in Staffordshire and 

 Shropshire are so fruitful that they may well be 

 called, the officina nnminum ; indeed, I rather think 

 there ai-e hardly any persons employed in them 

 that have not a nickname by which they are at 

 least as well known as by their real name. 



I have no doubt there are other sources from 

 which surnames have been derived, as well as 

 these ; but such do not occur to me at present. 



Chas. S. Greaves. 



PHOTOGBAPHIC CORBESPONDENCE. 



Hardivick^s " Manual of Photographic Chemistry.'^ — 

 It is ^vith great satisfaction that we find that the want 

 ■which has so long been experienced, more especially by 

 amateur photographers, of a volume which should put 

 them in possession of such a knowledge of chemistrj' as 

 would show them on the one hand how to work with 

 success, and on the other to Avhat causes their failures are 

 to be attributed, has been produced by a gentleman so 

 competent to the task as Mr. Hardwick has shown himself 

 to be. His Manual of Photographic Chemistry, including 

 the Practice of the Collodion Process, will, we have nt) 

 doubt, fully accomplish one of the objects for which it was 

 undertaken, namely, that of enabling beginners, by its 

 preliminary stud}-, "to remove those numerous causes 

 of failure which have hitherto perplexed them." The 

 whole work will well repay the intending photographer 

 for the time spent in its perusal ; while those who have 

 alreadj' made some progress in the art, may surely look 

 for a still greater advance by attention to Mr. Hardwick's 

 clear, yet thoroughly scientific, directions. The section 

 whicli treats " of the fogging of collodion plates," and 

 those which are devoted to the "classification of imper- 

 fections in collodion photography, with directions for 

 their removal," are those which will probably be looked 

 to with most interest ; while the chapters upon pho- 

 tographic printing, which contain much original matter, 

 and more explicit directions for the practical carrying out 

 of the process than have yet appeared in print, will be 

 those most looked to, by all who, having secured good 

 jilates, are desirous of multiplying good impressions of 

 them. 



Dr. Diamond's Iodizing Formula : Mr. Merritt's 

 Camera. — I beg to thank you sincerely for the trouble 

 you took to obtain for me the formula of Dr. Diamond, 

 "of which I intend immediately to avail myself, as it is 

 what I have long desired to possess. May I request that, 

 at your convenience, you will express to Dk. Diamond 

 for me, how greatly I feel obliged to him for his reply to 

 the Query kindly communicated by yourself to that gen- 

 tleman, 'l ask this, having no means of acquainting him 

 of it but through you. 



Mr. Lyte having, in "N. & Q.," Vol. xi., p. 191., de- 

 scribed a camera almost identical with one patented by 

 my son, Aug. 1, 1854, will you allow me, by a very brief 

 description of that, to show' him that he has been antici- 

 pated ? The camera consists of the body, a focussing- 

 glass, dark chamber, and a receptacle. In the dark 

 chamber are placed as many prepared plates or papers as 

 required : under the first of these is an opening, in which 

 is a movable slide; and immediately under this_ is 

 brought the first compartment of the receptacle, which 

 moves in grooves at the under part of the camera. The 

 first picture having been taken, the slide is drawn back- 

 wards, when the plate drops into the receptacle: after 

 which the slide is replaced, another plate brought to the 

 focus point bv a screw at the back, when proceed as 

 before. ' '^- L- Meruitt. 



