"SI 4 Royal Society. 



substance result. A variety of experiments are detailed and tabu- 

 lated ; the first series of which contains those made on solutions of 

 compounds, such as sugar, honey and extract of malt, showing that 

 in each the amount of spontaneous decomposition is in proportion 

 to the quantity of nitrogen it contains. This law is found to ex- 

 tend to those parts of plants which are not in solution in water, but 

 which remain in their natural state of elaboration, only having their 

 texture broken down. 



The author is led to infer from his experiments that the chemical 

 action to which any vegetable matter is naturally disposed, may, to 

 a certain extent, be changed into some other, differing both in its 

 kind and in its products ; and that in order to effect such a change 

 nothing more is required than to excite in other vegetable matter 

 mixed with the former, some action which shall preponderate over 

 the rest, so that the whole mass may obey this new and predomi- 

 nant influence. The vapour which is disengaged during the rapid 

 decomposition of vegetable matter he finds to be highly noxious ; 

 and thence draws the inference that the Author of the universe has 

 wisely ordained, that, when young plants, containing large quantities 

 of nitrogen, are by any means checked in their growth, they shall 

 be consumed by certain insects ; which insects may be conceived to 

 form one of the links of that harmonious chain which binds together 

 all the parts of the universe. 



The relation between the decomposition of vegetable matter and 

 the growth of plants is apparent from the similarity of the influence 

 of nitrogen on both these processes : this double function which 

 nitrogen performs in favouring chemical decomposition by the roots 

 of plants at the same time that it assimilates the matter thus formed 

 in their other parts, is regarded by the author as another link in the 

 same chain. In support of this view, he adduces the different che- 

 mical constitutions of the roots of the same plants when very young, 

 and when fully grown. He finds that when i)lants have to perform 

 the important offices of providing nourishment for the rapid growth 

 of their young and tender shoots, they contain a quantity of nitro- 

 gen two or three times greater than that which they possess when 

 fully grown ; and he concludes by showing that, in accordance with 

 these views, the seeds, roots and plants when placed in highly de- 

 composing or decomposed matter, cease to grow, and under these 

 circumstances, their germinating or vegetating power being super- 

 seded by the chemical action established in the matter which sur- 

 rounds them, the whole becomes one mass of contaminated and in- 

 fectious matter. 



June 6. — A paper was read, entitled, "Experiments on the che- 

 mical constitution of several bodies which undergo the vinous fer- 

 mentation, and on certain results of that chemical action." By Ro- 

 bert Rigg, Esq., F.R.S. 



The special object of this paper is to show, first, that sugar is not 

 constituted of carbon and water only ; secondly, that during the 

 vinous fermentation water is decomposed; thirdly, that neither pure 

 carbonic acid nor alcohol is, in the common acceptation of the term, 

 the product of this chemical action ; and fourthly, that fermented 



