Fossil Species of Qjiadrwnanafrom the Se*mdlik Hills. S7 



The length of jaw, therefore, estimated from the space oc- 

 cupied by the teeth, would be 4 inches, while in the larger 

 fossil it is 5*3 inches, a difference much too great to be de- 

 pendent merely on varieties of one species. Besides, we have 

 another fragment, also belonging to the right side of the lower 

 jaw, and containing the last molar, which agrees exactly in 

 size with the corresponding tooth in the figured specimen*. 

 This goes to prove the size to have been constant. The fos- 

 sil, although corresponding precisely in the space occupied 

 by the four rear molars with the Entellus, has less height of 

 jaw. There is further a difference in the teeth. In the En-- 

 tellus the heel of the rear molar is a simple flattened oblique- 

 surfaced tubercle, rather sharp at the inside. In the fossil, 

 the heel in both fragments is bifid at the inside. The same 

 structure is observable in the heel of the rear molar of the 

 common Indian monkey P, rhesus. It is therefore probable 

 that the fossil was a Pithecus also. It was considerably larger, 

 however, than the common monkey, and the jaw is more flat- ■ 

 tened, deeper, and its lower edge much sharper than in the 

 latter. This difference in size and form indicates the species 

 to have been different. 



It would appear, therefore, that there are three known spe- 

 cies of fossil Quadrumana from the Sewalik Hills : the first a 

 very large species, discovered by Messrs. Baker and Durand ; 

 the second, a large species also, but smaller than the first, 

 and considerably larger than the Entellus; the third, of the 

 size of the E?itellus, and probably a Pithecus; and further, that 

 two of the three at least, and most probably the third also, 

 belonged to the types of the existing monkeys of the old Con- 

 tinent, in having but five molars, and not to the Sapajous of 

 America. 



There are at present upwards of 150 described species of 

 existing Qiiadrumana, and as the three fossil ones all belonged 

 to the larger-sized monkeys, it is probable that there are 

 several more Sewalik species to be discovered. We have 

 some specimens of detached teeth, of large size, which we 

 conjecture to be quadrumanous ; but their detached state 

 makes this conjecture extremely doubtful. 



Besides the interest attaching to the first discovery in the 

 fossil state of animals so nearly approaching man in their or- 

 ganization, as the Quadrumafia, the fact is more especially in- 

 teresting in the Sewalik species, from the fossils with which 

 they are associated. The same beds, or different beds of the 

 same formation, from which the Quadrumana came, have 

 yielded species of the camel and antelope, and the Anoplo^ 



[* We presume that fig. 4. of PI. I. represents this third fragment.— 

 Edit.] 



