12 PINACEAE. 



papery bract; cones erect, subcylindrical or ovoid, their orbicular 

 or broader scales deciduous from the persistent axis. 



Leaves notched at the apex, usually spreading horizontally on 



the branches; cones green. A. grandis. 



Leaves not notched at the apex, not horizontally spreading; 



cones purple. A. lasiocarpa. 



Abies grandis Lindl. White Fir. Large tree, sometimes 100 m. tall and 

 2 m. in diameter, with thin, dark gray, rather smooth bark; branches hori- 

 zontal or the lower drooping; leaves linear, obtuse or notched, shining green 

 above, marked beneath by two white lines, 18-30 mm. long, usually arranged 

 in two ranks, giving the foliage a flattened appearance; cones cylindric-oblong, 

 7-10 cm. long, dark green, more or less covered with drops of resin; scales 

 broader than long, entire; bracts small. In the mountains; especially abundant 

 in the Blue Mountains. 



Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir. Narrowly conical usually 

 densely branched trees, 20-30 m. high and 20-40 cm. in diameter; bark pale, 

 rather smooth but with large resin blisters; leaves 3-5 cm. long, acute, usually 

 sharp-pointed; cones narrowly barrel-shaped, usually dark-purple, puberulent, 

 5-10 cm. long; bracts usually not exserted. Blue Mountains, at 6000 feet 

 altitude. 



21. PSEUDOTSUGA. 



Very large trees, at first pyramidal and spruce-like, often at 

 last more spreading; leaves linear, flat, somewhat two-ranked 

 by a twist at the base; aments from the axils of the leaves of 

 the preceding year; staminate aments in an oblong or cylindrical 

 column, surrounded or partly enclosed by numerous, conspicuous, 

 round bud-scales; ovule-bearing aments with the scales much 

 shorter than the broadly linear acutely two-lobed bracts; cones 

 maturing the first year; scales persistent. 



Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. Red Fir, Douglas Spruce. Very 

 large tree, 50-100 m. high, 1-4 m. in diameter; bark thick, reddish within, 

 deeply cracked longitudinally; branches usually short and horizontal; leaves 

 linear, obtusish, 20-30 mm. long, narrowed at the base, dark green above, 

 paler beneath; staminate aments light brown, oblong-cylindric, 1 cm. long, 

 half enclosed in the large bracts; pistillate aments green or purplish; cones 

 pendent, cylindric-ovate, 6-10 cm. long, the tridentate bracts conspicuously 

 exceeding the scale. A very common tree. 



Class V. ANGIOSPERMAE. 



Ovules (megasporangia) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary} 

 formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of 

 a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel), or of several such 

 leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened; 

 stigmas present; cotyledons one or two, very rarely want- 

 ing; perianth present or wanting. 



