CAMPANULACEAE. 239 



Family 88. DIPSACACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY. 



Herbs; leaves opposite or whorled, without stipules; flowers 

 in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre as in the Compositae; 

 calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; corolla epigynous, 2-5-lobed; 

 stamens 2-4, distinct, on the corolla-tube and alternate with its 

 lobes; ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovule 1; fruit an akene with 

 persistent calyx-lobes; endosperm fleshy. 



357. DIPSACUS. TEASEL. 



Rough-hairy or prickly tall biennial or perennial herbs; leaves 

 large, opposite, the bases sometimes united into a cup; flowers 

 in dense terminal peduncled oblong heads; bracts of the involucre 

 and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny-pointed; calyx 4- 

 toothed or lobed; corolla oblique, 2-lipped, 3-lobed; stamens 4; 

 stigma oblique or lateral; akene free from or adherent to the 

 involucel. 



Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Biennial, 1-2 m. high, the stems and midribs 

 armed with stout prickles; lower leaves lanceolate, obtuse, crenate, rarely 

 cleft at base, 15-30 cm. long; upper leaves sessile, often cuneate, acuminate, 

 entire; heads ovoid, becoming cylindric, 5-10 cm. long; involucre of linear 

 cuspidate prickly bracts, some of which are longer than the head; bracts of 

 the receptacle ovate, armed with long straight awns; flowers lilac. Sparingly 

 introduced. 



Family 89. CAMPANULACEAE. BELLFLOWER FAMILY. 



Herbs, with milky juice; leaves alternate, without stipules; 

 flowers regular, generally blue, showy, scattered; calyx adherent 

 to the ovary; corolla 5-lobed, bell-shaped; stamens 5, usually 

 free from the corolla; anthers distinct or united; style 1, the 

 upper portion provided with pollen-collecting hairs; stigmas 2 or 

 more; ovary 2-5-celled, with axile placenta; capsule 2-several- 

 celled, many-seeded; endosperm fleshy. 



Corolla irregular; anthers united. 358. BOLELIA, 240. 



Corolla regular; anthers separate. 



Ovary and capsule long and narrow. 



Capsule opening at the top by a hole left by 

 the falling away of the base of the style; 



flowers all alike. 359. GITHOPSIS, 240. 



Capsule opening on the sides by 2 or 3 little 

 valves which leave small round perfora- 



ations; flowers of two kinds. 360. SPECULARIA, 240. 



Ovary and capsule short and broad or globular. 



Calyx-lobes broad; flowers of two kinds. 361. HETEROCODON, 241. 



Calyx-lobes narrow; flowers all alike. 362. CAMPANULA, 241. 



