280 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



[No. 230. 



white, but not to the pied. If the latter, he has a 

 right to the pied horses, but must forego his claim to 

 the rest. And if the latter interpretation be adopted, 

 must we say that and is a preposition, not a conjunction, 

 or must we modify the definitions of these two parts 

 of speech ? " 



The following definitions are finally proposed in 

 place of the ordinary ones : 



" A preposition is a part of speech annexed to a noun 

 or verb in a proposition, and serving to connect it with 

 a noun or pronoun by which it is limited, as the sub- 

 ject or predicate of that proposition." 



" A conjunction is a part of speech serving to unite 

 two propositions as parts of the same complex assertion, 

 or two words as similar parts of the subject or predicate 

 of one proposition. By similar parts it is meant that 

 the words so united stand in similar relations to the 

 term to which they belong. For example, 1. As at- 

 tributes, both qualifying a subject, ' Sic bonus et 

 sapiens dignis ait esse paratus.' 2. As prepositions, 

 both introducing limiting nouns, ' without money and 

 without price.' 3. As substantives, both forming parts 

 of a collective subject, 'two and three are five.' 

 Whereas with the preposition, the words united are 

 not similar, but opposed, the limiting and the limited 

 notion." 



While differing from some of Professor 

 Boole's views on the relation of logic to mathe- 

 matics, I fully agree with him that the true 

 functions of the several parts of speech must be 

 determined by an analysis of the laws of thought. 

 Both grammar and logic might be considerably 

 improved by an accurate development on psycho- 

 logical principles. H. L. Mansel, B.D. 



St. John's College, Oxford. 



Has not your correspondent G. Boole fallen 

 into an inaccuracy whilst contending about the 

 accuracy of another's logic ? He seems to employ 

 the proposition, all trees are endogens or exogens, 

 as an example of an accurate proposition. 



I forget the technicalities in which the objection 

 to such a proposition would be properly expressed ; 

 but it cannot well be denied that all comprehends 

 the whole genus, and expresses that whole col- 

 lectively. If so, the proposition affirms that the 

 whole genus of trees must either be acknowledged 

 to be endogens, or else to be all exogens. Does 

 not such an affirmation require the word every to 

 clear it from ambiguity ? Will it be cleared of 

 ambiguity by saying, " Every tree is endogen or 

 exogen ? " Or must we say " Every tree is either 

 endogen or exogen ? " 



If your correspondents should happen to take 

 down the second volume of Locke on Human Un- 

 derstanding, b. in. ch. iii. § 11., on " Universals," 

 his note will supply them with another knot to 

 unravel, of which I would gladly see their solution. 

 For he has there said, " Three Bobaques are all 

 true and real Bobaques, supposing the name of 



that species of animals belongs to them." Is this 

 name formed in jest ? For the philosopher some- 

 times puts on an awkward affectation of humour 

 in his replies to Bishop Stillingfleet, to whom this 

 note is addressed. H. W. 



HAS EXECUTION BY HANGING BEEN SURVIVED f 



(Vol. ix., p. 174.) 



Two instances of criminals being restored to 

 life after having been hanged are recorded, on 

 good authority, to have occurred in this town. 

 Henry of Knighton (who was a Canon of Lei- 

 cester Abbey) relates in his Chronicle (col. 2627), 

 under the year 1363, that — 



" One Walter Wynkeburn, having been hanged at 

 Leicester, on the prosecution of Brother John Dingley, 

 Master of Dalby, of the order of Knights Hospitallers, 

 after having been taken down from the gallows as a 

 dead man, was being carried to the cemetery of the 

 Holy Sepulchre of Leicester, to be buried, began to 

 revive in the cart, and was taken into the church of 

 the Holy Sepulchre by an ecclesiastic, and there dili- 

 gently guarded by this Leicester ecclesiastic to pre- 

 vent his being seized for the purpose of being hanged 

 a second time. To this man King Edward granted 

 pardon in Leicester Abbey, and gave him a charter of 

 pardon, thus saying in my hearing, ' Deus tibi dedit 

 vitam, et nos dabimus tibi Cartam ? " 



We learn, on the authority of a cotemporary 

 record, preserved in the archives of this borough, 

 and quoted in Thompson's History of Leicester, 

 p. 110., that in June, 1313, Matthew of Enderby, 

 a thief, was apprehended and imprisoned in the 

 king's gaol at Leicester ; and that being after- 

 wards convicted, he was sentenced by Sir John 

 Digby and Sir John Daungervill, the king's 

 justices, to be hanged ; that he was led to the 

 gallows by the frankpledges of Birstall and Bel- 

 grave, and by them suspended ; but on his body 

 being taken down, and carried to the cemetery of 

 St. John's Hospital for interment, he revived, and 

 was subsequently exiled. Three instances are 

 narrated in Wanley's Wonders of Man, vol. i. 

 pp. 125, 126., and another will be found in Seward's 

 Spirit of Anecdote and Wit, vol. iii. p. 88., quoted 

 from Gamble's Views of Society, Sec. in the North 

 of Lreland; whilst in vol. ii. p. 220. of the same 

 work, another restoration to life is stated to have 

 taken place in the dissecting-room of Professor 

 Junker, of Halle : but I know not how far these 

 last-mentioned anecdotes are susceptible of proof. 



William Kellt. 



Leicester. 



There appears to be no reason to doubt the 

 truth of individuals having survived execution by 

 hanging. 



Margaret Dickson was tried, convicted, and ex- 

 ecuted in Edinburgh, in the year 1728. After 



