598 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



[No. 243. 



FERDINAND CHARLES III., DUKE OF PARMA. 



(Vol. ix., p. 417.) 



The late Duke of Parma was not the first lineal 

 representative of the Stuarts, as stated by E. S. S. W. 

 Victor Emanuel, King of Sardinia, who succeeded 

 in 1802, left by his wife Maria Theresa of Austria 

 four daughters. The eldest of these four, Beatrix, 

 born in 1792, married, in 1812, Francis IV., Duke 

 of Modena, and by him (who died on the 21st of 

 January, 1846) had issue two sons and two 

 daughters. The eldest of these sons, Francis V., 

 the present reigning Duke of Modena, is there- 

 fore the person who would be now sitting on the 

 English throne had the Stuarts kept the succes- 

 sion. He has no children, I believe, by his wife 

 Adelgonda of Bavaria ; and the next person in suc- 

 cession would therefore be Dorothea, the infant 

 daughter of his deceased brother Victor. 



Victor Emanuel's second daughter was Maria 

 Theresa, who married Charles Duke of Parma, as 

 stated by E. S. S. W. 



The present Countess of Chambord is Maria 

 Theresa Beatrice-Gaetana, the eldest of the two 

 sisters of Francis V., Duke of Modena. She is 

 therefore wife of the representative of the House 

 of Bourbon, and sister to the representative of the 

 House of Stuart. S. L. P. 



Oxford and Cambridge Club. 



Allow me to correct the statement made by your 

 correspondent, that the Duke of Parma represented 

 the Royal House of Stuart. The mother of the 

 late Duke of Parma had an elder sister, Maria 

 Beatrice, who married Francis IV., late Duke of 

 Modena, and upon her death, in 1840, the repre- 

 sentation devolved upon her son, Francis V., the 

 present Duke of Modena, who was born in 1819. 



P. V. 



Allow me to remark on the article of E. S. S. W. 

 (Vol. ix., p. 417.) respecting the House of Stuart, 

 that he is in error in assigning that honour to the 

 late Duke of Parma, and, as a consequence, to his in- 

 fant son and successor, Robert, now Duke of Parma. 

 The late Duke was undoubtedly a descendant of 

 Charles I. through his mother; but his mother 

 had an elder sister, Beatrice, late Duchess of Mo- 

 dena, whose son, Francis V., now Duke of Modena, 

 born 1st June, 1819, is the unquestionable heir to 

 the House of Stuart, and, as a Jacobite would say, 

 if any such curiosity there be in existence, legiti- 

 mate King of Great Britain and Ireland. 



J. Reynell Wheford. 



Bristol. 



PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. 



Mr. TownsencTs Wax-paper Process. — At the last 

 meeting of the Photographic Society a paper was read 

 by Mr. Townsend, giving the results of a series of 



experiments instituted by him in reference to the wax- 

 paper process. One of the great objections hitherto 

 made to this process has been its slowness, as compared 

 with the original calotype process, and its various 

 modifications ; and another, that its preparation in- 

 volved some complexity of manipulation. Mr. Town- 

 send has simplified the process materially, having found 

 that the use of the fluoride and cyanide of potassium, 

 as directed by Le Gray, in no way adds to the effici- 

 ency of the process, either in accelerating or otherwise. 

 The iodide and bromide of potassium with free iodine 

 give a paper which produces rapid, sure, and clean 

 results. He discards whey, sugar of milk, grape 

 sugar, &c, hitherto deemed essential, but which his 

 experience shows to be unnecessary. He exhibited 

 three negatives of the same view taken consecutively 

 at eight o'clock in the morning, with the respective 

 exposures of thirty seconds, two and a half minutes, 

 and ten minutes, each of which was good and perfect. 

 The formula he adopts is : 



Iodide of potassium - 600 grs. 



Bromide of potassium, from 1 50 to 250 „ 

 Re-sublimed iodine - - - 6 „ 



Distilled water - - - - 40 oz. 

 The waxed papers are wholly immersed in this solu- 

 tion, and left to soak at least two hours, and are then 

 hung to dry in the usual way. The papers are made 

 sensitive by wholly immersing them in aceto-nitrate of 

 silver of the following proportions : 



Nitrate of silver - - - - 30 grs. 



Acetic acid 30 minims. 



Distilled water - - - - 1 oz. 

 The papers remaining in this solution not less than 

 eight minutes. They are washed in two waters for 

 eight minutes each, and then blotted off in the ordi- 

 nary manner. Mr. Townsend states that there is no 

 need to fear leaving the paper in the sensitive bath too 

 long. He has left it in the bath fourteen hours without 

 any injury. The paper thus prepared will keep ten 

 or twelve days ; it may be longer, but his experience 

 does not extend beyond that time. With paper thus 

 prepared a portrait was exhibited, taken in fifty-five 

 seconds, in a room with a side light ; but it must be 

 added, that in this instance the paper was not washed, 

 but was blotted off immediately on its leaving the sen- 

 sitive bath, though not used until two hours had 

 elapsed. Mr. Townsend uses for developing a satu- 

 rated solution of gallic acid with a drachm of aceto- 

 nitrate to every four ounces of it, but he considers that 

 this proportion of aceto-nitrate may be beneficially 

 lessened. He finds that by this process he is certain 

 of success, and is never troubled with that browning 

 over of the paper which so often attends the use of the 

 other methods of preparation. Besides the rapidity of 

 action which he states, there is the farther advantage 

 that a lengthened exposure is not injurious. The pro- 

 portion of bromide may vary from 150 grs. to 250 grs. ; 

 less than 150 is not sufficient to produce a maximum 

 of rapidity, whilst more than 250 adds nothing to the 

 effect. 



Photographic Litigation.— Will you allow me, through 

 the medium of " N. & Q.," to suggest to those who 



