THE 



LONDON AND EDINBURGH 



PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE 



AND 



JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. 



CONDUCTED BY 



SIR DAVID BREWSTER, K.H.LL.D.F.R.S.L.&E.&c. 

 RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S.G.S. Astr.S.Nat.H.Mosc.&c 



AND 



RICHARD PHILLIPS, F.R.S.L.&E.F.G.S. &c. 



" Nee aranearum sane textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gignunt, nee nostet 

 vilior quia ex iillenis libamus ut apes." Just. Lips. Monit. Folk. lib. i. eap. I. 



VOL. XIIL 



NEW AND UNITED SERIES OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 

 ANNALS OF PHILOSOPHY, AND JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. 



JULY— DECEMBER, 1838. 



LONDON: 



painted by r. and j. e. taylor, red lion court, fleet street: 



sold by longman, orme, brown, green, and longmans; cadell; 



baldwin and cradock; sherwood, gilbert, and piper; simpkin 



and marshall; whittaker and co.j and s. highley, 



London: — by adam and charles black, and 



thomas clark, edinburgh; smith and son, 



glasgow; hodges and smith, dublin : 



AND G. W. M. REYNOLDS, PARIS. 



