tjid Compojitien and Procfjfes for maiing 



In France, both hard and foft foaps are manufactured in very confiderable quantity, but the 

 hard foap is the moll generally ufcd. The hard foap is principrJIy made from the oil of 

 olives and barilla, and it is found that twelve hundred weight of oil, with a fufficient quan- 

 tity of barilla ley, forms a ton of foap*. MaiiufacSurers, however, do not always reft con- 

 tented with fuch a return ; but by ufing many unwarrantable pra<5lices, increafe the weight 

 of the foap, without adding to its value as a cleanfer. Thus we are told in the French 

 reports, that Quefnot has publiflied a method of increafing the weight of foap in a four-fold 

 proportion. This he does by mixing with it alumen, muriate of foda. Hatch, chalk, foda in 

 powder, oil, tallow, and water ; and this ftupid procefs he announces under the title " De belli 

 augmentation de favon.'" 



In France the foft foap is made with potafh and different vegetable oils, as oil of turnip, 

 hempfeed, lintfeed. Sec- 



In Hungary, foap is made with tallow and natron, according to Townfon, who has given us 

 a vague account of their method of manufadure. In many parts of Germany and RuiEa, 

 tallow foap is manufaftured ; and in Ruflia a good hard foap is made with butter: the butter 

 which is ufed for foap making, is in general damaged fait butter, which does not make a pro- 

 fitable foap ; this is owing to its rancidity, and the quantity of filt and cheefy matter dif- 

 fufed through it. Weigleb aflures us that a foap is manufadtured with yellow and white wax, 

 which is hard and firm, with an agreeable fmell like almonds. 



As no confiderable quantity of vegetable oil can be procured in Great Britain, our foap is 

 always made with tallow, or fifh-oil ; fometimes alfo, the refufe of kitchens and rancid butter 

 have been ufed. The foaps manufactured in the great way are white, mottled, yellow, and 

 foft foaps. 



1. fVhite Soap. This is made from tallow, with a ley of barilla, or kelp ; the tallow is rec- 

 koned good if lywt. with the proper proportion of ley, affords a ton of foap. It is the 

 moft expenflve of the hard foaps, and is principally ufed for the finer kinds of work. 



2. Mettled Soap, This is the next in value, and is manufa£tured from tallow, kitchen-fluff, 

 and barilla. The mottled appearance is given, towards the end of the operations of boiling, 

 by difperfing the ley through the foap. In France, they follow a method, which is more 

 fimple, and furely more fuccefsful. Their method is as follows^ — After the foap has been fe- 

 parated from the wafle ley, it is boiled again with a frefh portion of cauftic ley, then a quan- 

 tity of the folution of fulphatc of iron is added, which by its decompofition, depofits its 

 oxyd through the foap, giving it a bluifh colour^ The foap is now allowed to cool flowly, 

 when it rifes above the wafle ley ; this ley is then drawn off, and the foap melted by itfel^ 

 'before cafting into frames. 



3. Ytlkw Hard Soap, is made with tallow and roftn ; and thefe are reckoned good, if 

 locwt. of tallow, 34fw/- of rofin, with the proper quantity of barilla, or kelp ley, afford a ton 

 of foap. The rofin is ufed merely to cheapen the foap, for it certainly does not increafe its 

 ^power as a cleanfer. Rofin and alkali boiled together, without tolloWj fonn a vifcid tena- 

 cious mafs, of a very inferior nature as a cleanfer. 



* Annales de Chinie, vol. ig. 



4. S<fi 



