466 Zoological Society : — Mr. Owen on the 



mion being narrow and claviform, and in the absence of the flattened 

 and over-hanging margin of the spine. Other differences exist in 

 the comparative dimensions and features of the supra- and s\xh» 

 spinal /o55£^, in the inclination of the coracoid process, and in the 

 direction of the glenoid cavity. But the principal feature in the 

 organization of the Orang, and that in which it differs most from 

 the Chimpanzee, consists in the relative length of the upper and 

 lower extremities, the arms in the former reaching to the heel. The 

 articular surface of the head of the humerus forms a complete hemi- 

 sphere ; and in some specimens that bone is perforated between the 

 condyles. The principal peculiarities in the fore-arm consist in the 

 large space between the radius and ulna, occasioned by the outward 

 curve of the former, and in the absence of the acute margin on its 

 ulnar aspect. The proportion borne by the radius to the ulna is in 

 Man as 11 to 12; in the Orang as 36 to 37. The bones of the 

 hand offer the same elongated form, with the exception of those of 

 the thumb, which does not reach to the end of the metacarpal bone 

 of the fore-finger. Those of the carpushave their ossification com- 

 pleted at a later period than in Man, and allow a freer motion upon 

 each other : the os pisiforme is divided into two. Of the fingers, 

 the proximal phalanges are more curved than in Man, and the dis- 

 tal more pointed, not expanding to afford support for an extended 

 surface of delicate touch. 



As the upper extremity of the Orawg exceeds in length that of the 

 Chimpanzee, so the lower differs as much in the contrary respect; 

 preserving throughout life much less than the foetal proportions of 

 the human subject. The femur has a straight shaft, no depression 

 on the head, a shorter neck forming a more obtuse angle with the 

 shaft, and no linea aspera posteriorly. The inner condyle not being 

 produced beyond the outer, the axis of the femur is in the same line 

 with that of the tibia, as in the Chimpanzee. The inward curve of 

 the tibia occasions a much larger space between it and the fbula 

 than in Man or in the Chimpanzee. The patella is smaller in pro- 

 portion than in Man, of an oval shape, and with a single articulating 

 surface. The bones of the tarsus are numerically the same with 

 those of the Chimpanzee, and have the same general form, but ad- 

 mit of freer motion on each other. A greater degree of obliquity 

 in the articulating surface of the astragalus causes the whole foot to 

 be turned more inwards; and theo5c«/mhas still less projection back- 

 wards than the Chimpanzee. The internal cuneiform bone recedes 

 most from the human type in having a greater development towards 

 the tibial aspect, and in having the surface of articulation for the 

 hallux below the range of the other metatarsal bones, all of which 

 are much longer and more bent and have greater interspaces than 

 the human. That of the hallux extends very little beyond the mid- 

 dle of that of the second toe, and stands off from it at an acute angle. 

 The peculiarity of the structure of the hallux first noticed by Camper, 

 in seven out of eight Orangs observed by him, viz. its possessing 

 no vLn*^wedi\ phalanx and consequently no nail, loses much of its im- 



