PROCBEDINGS OP PROVINCIAL SOCIETIES. 315 



French and English, and to mark the obsequious vanity of the one 

 people, and the stiffness and pride of the other. 



The organ of pride, or self-esteem, is more generally found in 

 man than in woman, and is, also, more fully developed in the former 

 than the latter. Some dogs, and other domestic animals, are very 

 susceptible of having their pride wounded. 



Love of approbation. — The existence of a sentiment of approba^ 

 tiveness, or love of praise, cannot be doubted, in man and animals ; 

 and Ave shall not wonder at its being a propensity so powerful in its 

 action, when we reflect how large a portion of the mental instru- 

 ment it occupies. Its seat is among the other sentiments on each 

 side of self-esteem. Attachment frames society ; love of approba- 

 tion strews the path of life with sweets. It originates our little 

 attentions and politenesses, our emulation, love of glory, and public 

 distinction, ambition and vanity. Even animals possess this propen- 

 sity, as instanced in the parrot, the peacock, the nightingale, and 

 cock, the French mules, and the horse. This organ is a fertile 

 source of mental alienation, in its excess, as it is one of our greatest 

 sources of excitement ; and Mr. Turley said he never yet visited a 

 lunatic asylum without meeting numerous unfortunate creatures its 

 victims. 



The lecturer here observed that, when the posterior part of the 

 head is large in proportion to the anterior part, we find more vigour 

 in the character. On the other hand, where it is small in propor- 

 tion, we shall see the intellectual operations pursuing " the even 

 tenour of their way," without those bursts of emotion and enthusi- 

 asm consequent on the warmer feelings. National character de- 

 pends much on this organ. The French and English heads seem 

 best illustrations of this fact. The French are more vivid and vo- 

 latile ; the English, more sedate and phlegmatic. 



Cautiousness next came under the lecturer's examination. He 

 observed, the situation of this organ cannot be forgotten ; it is, in 

 almost all heads, the widest pari laterally above the ears. Cau- 

 tiousness is the sentiment which seems to controul every faculty of 

 man, to prevent harm from precipitate action, by calling up reflec- 

 tion. It is the balance wheel of the whole engine — the helm which 

 steers our actions from the whirl-pool of rashness. Its office may 

 be termed a sinecure, as to itself; but it is the active agent of all 

 the other faculties. 



Dr. Gall discovered the seat of cautiousness in a prelate, a person 

 of excellent understanding, at Vienna, who owed his advancement 

 to this faculty. Its moderate development produces a prudent and 

 wise circumspection; its maximum, timidity; its absence, a rash 

 and dangerous impetuosity. This organ, in its excess, is frequently 

 the cause of mania in individuals, and the disorder always assumes 

 a very marked character of suspicion in the patients, who are con- 

 tinually in dread of danger from every thing around them. Shy 

 and circumspect animals, such as the stag, roe, pole-cat, otter, mole, 

 and those which place sentinels, the chamois-goat, crane, bustard, 



