190 Scientific Intelligence — Miscellaneoiis, 



The latter of the above tables shews with distinctness the connec- 

 tion that exists between the greatest elevations of the snowy range 

 and the aquatic system of the Sub-himalayas, so that the great snow 

 peaks are really entitled to be considered divortice aquorum on the 

 Indian side of the snows, whatever may be the case on the Tibetan 

 side : and, it is observable that at those points where the transnivean 

 origin of our river necessitates a partial reference of our aquatic sys- 

 tem to extra Indian limits, there no such towering snowy peak 

 seems to demark the alpine Sub-hemalayan basin as in cases where 

 our aqueous system is altogether our own and Cisnivean. Thus we 

 have no peak to define the basin of the Indus on its western or east- 

 ern margin. At least, I know of none, though Pargyul may in part 

 be considered a water-shed, and so, at the other end of the chain, 

 may Chumalari. Both peaks, however, are detached and stand on 

 the plain of Tibet. Cholo is near to Chumalari and not detached. 

 Of the innumerable rivers of these regions the only ones with ascer- 

 tained transnivean sources are the Indus, Sutlege, Karnali, Saupu, 

 and Arun, whereof the four first take their rise at Gangri, the 

 great water shed of the plain of Tibet, close to Lake Mepang vel Ma- 

 nasrovar, and the fifth or Arun from the northern slope of Hema- 

 chal in the district of Tingri. These five rivers are, as might be 

 expected, the largest of the whole, both the Karnali and Arun ex- 

 ceeding the Ganges or Jumna within the mountains, and being nearly 

 equal the on^ to the other. Gangri is probably the Kailas of the 

 Hindus, whence diverge to the four quarters of the compass the four 

 great rivers of Bharat des. I have said above that only five of our 

 rivers have trans-henialayan sources. It is however probable, though 

 unascertained, thrt the Painomchu and Monas arise beyond the 

 snows, and are identical respectively with the Naivel Pa-chu and 

 the Mon-chu of Klaproth. Chu vel Tchu means river, so that in 

 the one case we have an absolute identity of names, and nearly so 

 in the other (Pa-Pai the root). 



Klaproth' s determination to make the Sanpu something else than 

 the Brahmputra, has led him to overlook the several large streams 

 descending into Bhutan and Assam. Had he been aware that his 

 Shokbaja is Sho vel Bhutan, and his Mon vel Moun the Cis-hema- 

 layans generally, he must have been more accessible to recent evi- 

 dence against his theory.* 



With regard to the heights of the Hemalayan peaks, of the five 

 given, the two first are Webb's and Herbert's, the third Colebrook's, 

 and the fourth and fifth Waugh's, communicated verbally, the results 

 of his recent operations not having yet been completely worked out. 

 The peak called by me Cholo, Captain W. supposes to be Chuma- 

 lari ; but the natives say otherwise. Captain W.'s positions for 

 triangulationf were at 85 miles distance. Captain Herbert justly 



* Memoirs relatifs a I'Asie 3, 370 — 417 and Map. 

 t Tanglo and Singchal in Sikim, 10 miles apart. 



