Vol. XXXJ EXTO.MorjHilCAL NEWS "\ 



Since Handlirsch's views are so widely accepted, I would 

 briefly summarize the differences between bis grouping and 

 derivation of the different lines of descent of the lower winged 

 insects, and that here proposed. Aside from the great differ- 

 ence between Handlirsch's idea of the direct origin of winged 

 insects from Trilobites t while I would derive winged insects 

 from Apterygota, which, with their relatives the Symphyla, 

 are descended from Crustacea related to Bathynclla and the 

 Isopoda) the principal points wherein the method of grouping 

 and deriving the lines of descent of the lower winged insects 

 as here proposed, differs from that of Handlirsch as given in 

 his book "Die Fossilen Insekten," may be stated as follows. 1 

 would gather the Plecoptera, Embiids, Dermaptera, and their 

 allies in an ancestral group, instead of scattering them, as 

 Handlirsch does in his diagram. Handlirsch regards the 

 Dermaptera as an offshoot of the saltatorial Orthoptera in- 

 stead of placing them in the ancestral superorder Panplecoptera 

 as is here proposed, and he also represents the Diploglossata 

 (Hemimeridae) as a distinct offshoot of the saltatorial Orthop- 

 tera, while in reality the Hemimeridae are Dermaptera and 

 should be grouped with them in the superorder Panplecoptera. 

 Handlirsch regards the Phasmids as an offshoot of the salta- 

 torial Orthoptera, while I regard them as nearer the ancestors 

 of these Orthoptera, and I would derive the whole Orthopteroid 

 stock from Panplecopterous forebears although this Orthop- 

 teroid stock branched off very near the point of origin of the 

 Blattoid stock. Handlirsch regards the Thysanoptera as an 

 offshoot of the saltatorial Orthopteroid stock, related to the 

 Dermaptera, while I place the Thysanoptera together with the 

 Corrodentia, Mallophaga and Pediculidae (all of which Hand- 

 lirsch derives from the Blattidae) in a superorder with the 

 Hemiptera (i. e. in the superorder Panhomoptera ) , and I con- 

 sider that this superorder arose at the base of the Neuropteroid 

 group, to which all of them are very closely related. They, 

 with the Neuropteroids, are descended from Plecopteroid (not 

 Blattoid) forebears, and the Hymenoptera arose from the base 

 of the Neuropteroid stock also, and are therefore to be traced 



