46 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921 



Description of the larva. 



In addition to the characters noted above, the larva can be 

 described as follows: 



Fusiform, 1 rather robust, creamy white, having the entire body surface sparsely 

 covered with fine short hairs; length probably about 25-30 mm., widest about 5th 

 and 6th abdominal segments. Head subglobular in form and lightly chitinized. 

 having deep depressions on the front arising from the articulation of the man- 

 dibles and extending posteriorly, each forming an angle; labrum semicircular in 

 outline, very thick and fleshy and fused with clypeus and triangular frons; 

 frontal sutures and median epicramal suture well defined; no ocelli; mandible 

 but little chitinized; gula well defined, broadly rectangular, bearing well 

 marked tentorial pits at anterior lateral angles. Body folds but little differen- 

 tiated (on larval skin) and no chitinizations; presternal ring of mesbthorax and 

 metathorax well defined and epipleural region of abdomen possibly swollen and 

 protuberant; ninth tergum chitinized at tip and extended into a pair of chitin- 

 ized, immovable, conical cerci. Spiracles rather large, lightly chitinized, bifore; 

 nine pairs, first on mesothorax, bulla large and approximate to bifore fingers, 

 latter pointing posteriorly. 



The pupa was not carefully described while living as every 

 precaution was taken to ensure its transformation. In form it 

 was more slender than the adult, of a yellowish color and densely 

 covered with a tawny soft velvety pubescence. The abdomen 

 tapered posteriorly and was curled up under the thorax; when 

 disturbed it would suddenly straighten with considerable force. 

 It was this movement that probably scattered the pupal skin 

 of the cicada when it was touched. 



All that is known of the habits has already been given and it is 

 hoped that this account may stimulate further search for more 

 material especially of the earlier stages. It is altogether possible 

 that the immature larvae may be more chitinized and resemble 

 some Elaterid-like larvae, such as Hemirhipus fascicularis Fab., 

 the larvae of which, in the later stages, is predaceous in the pupal 

 cells of large Cerambycid wood borers and assume a fleshy, soft 

 body form quite in contrast to the earlier heavily chitinized 

 and free living stages. 



In the summer of 1918 while collecting in Cumberland County, 

 Pennsylvania, some half dozen adults of Sandalus niger were 

 found slowly crawling up the trunk of an old sassafras tree in an 

 open pasture. These beetles had probably emerged from the 

 ground that day and were crawling up the trunk to take flight. 



J The form and size of the larvae could only be approximately determined; by 

 boiling in weak potash the skin was distended; the habitus figure was made 

 with camera lucida. 



