PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921 19 



but Mr. Kuwana believes those live in similar positions. The 

 only indication of its presence is a tiny black pin-hole in the 

 bark and possibly a slight swelling at this point (Plate III A). In 

 the mouth of the pin-hole can be found the cast skin of the first 

 stage larva; under this and in a distinct cell under the surface of 

 the bark can be found the second stage apodous larva or possibly 

 only its cast skin. In emerging the adult female ruptures the 

 skin of the second larva on its back and squeezes out through the 

 tiny pin-hole, knocking away the skin of the first larva. From 

 several hardened nearly dead twigs received from New York, the 

 adult females were unable to emerge and were found still within 

 the skins of the apodous larvae, in which they had secreted a 

 mass of fluffy wax. According to Mr. Kuwana, they surround 

 their eggs with this material when laid. 



The only live forms found in the twigs collected in New York 

 in October, 1919, were the apodous larvae, some of them con- 

 taining immature female adults. These were found in the most 

 recent season's growth. In Japan, Mr. Kuwana found apodous 

 larvae, male prepupae and pupae in April, male and female 

 adults early in May, and eggs and young larvae later in the same 

 month. 



There is probably but one generation per year, the larvae 

 hatching in the spring and settling on the growing twigs, where 

 they soon molt to apodous larvae. It is quite astonishing that 

 they are able to form galls in the twigs. It is apparently done 

 simply by the bark growing around and over the insect until it 

 is finally covered in much the same way that a scar is covered 

 up. For this reason it is necessary that they settle on the very 

 young growing shoots. 



The insect is doing considerable damage to the pines on the 

 de Forest Estate on Long Island. Many of the small twigs are 

 being killed. Probably spraying with a miscible oil in the spring 

 as soon as the eggs hatch, would prove to be an effective remedy. 



Having been described from Tokyo, Japan, in 1903 and col- 

 lected in Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia in 1905 and 

 1906, it is a question as to which is its native haunt. There has 

 been a considerable shipment of pines from Japan to America, 

 which would indicate that it probably came from Japan. Also 

 the fact that the insect is doing damage at Long Island would 

 make it appear to be an introduced species, for native species 

 are seldom noticeably harmful. However, its closest relatives, 

 the other two species of this genus, are apparently native to the 

 Western United States, which would be a strong indication that 

 this species also is native to America. There is a slight possi- 

 .bility that this is native to both countries, being a relic of the 

 preglacial period, when the countries were connected. Although 

 scale insects seem to change slowly, one would expect some differ- 

 ence to have taken place during that time. 



