I2O 



ENTOMOLOGICAL N 7 EWS. 



[October, 



Lamellate (plate like), having the terminal joints extended on 



one side into broad plates (figs. 3 and 



4). 

 An irregular 



antenna may 

 often be divi- 

 Fig. 4. A lam- ded into por- 

 tions of a va- 

 rying number 

 of joints. 



Fig. 3. A lamel- 

 late antenna (Pleo- ellate antenna 

 coma, Rickseckeri {Pleocoma. hir- 

 Horn, male). ticollis Horn, 



female). 



d. 



e. 



a. 



Fig. 5. An irregular antenna 

 T., of a Hymenopter. 



a, scape, followed by a small 



such an antenna as that shown in fig. 5 joint the pedicel ; b\ ciavoia, 

 the first or basal joint is the scape, the f ten joints. 

 second joint is the pedicel, all the remaining joints compose the 

 clavola or flagellum. The clavola may itself consist of several 

 portions (fig. 6); its apical joints may be enlarged to form the 

 dub; its proximal* joints may be very short and small, and are 



then termed ring-joints; between the 

 ring-joints and the club is \h&funicle. 

 The mouth parts or trophi, differ 

 to a very great extent in the various 

 groups of insects, so much so that 

 Fabricius, the celebrated entomolo- 

 gist of the last century, founded his 

 classification of insects almost entirely 

 on the modifications of the trophi. 

 These modifications result from the 

 nature of the food. Many insects living on liquids, such as the 

 nectar and honey of flowers, suck up those liquids through a 

 tube or proboscis. Others, feeding on animal or vegetable solids 

 require hard cutting parts to tear those solids in pieces. 



But however much these modifications existing in different 

 insects may differ from each other, there is one general, typical 

 form and arrangement of the mouth parts, to which all the modi- 

 fications may be referred. This typical arrangement is as follows: 

 The mouth opening is situated between the front edges of the 

 clypeus above and the gula below. Attached to the lower (front) 

 part of the clypeus is \he/abriun or upper lip (c, fig. if; d, fig- 7). 

 To the fore part of the gula is attached the labium or lower lip 



* Proximal in treating of a limb or appendage refers to parts or joints nearest to the 

 trunk as distinguished from distal, farthest from the trunk, 

 t Page 104 of this volume of ENTOMOLOGICAL \K\VS. 



Fig. 6. Antenna of Chalcis fly. 



a, scape; b, pedicel; c, two ring- 

 joints ; d, funicle of five joints ; e, 

 club ; c, d and e together, form the 

 clavola. 



