348 LEPIDOPTERA CHAP. 



In the majority of cases the pupa is, however, suspended 

 as is usual in Nymphalidae. Nothing is known as to the 

 nature of the peculiar inflation of the bases of the nervures of 

 the front wings ; it is well shown in our common species of 

 Coenonympha] this character is not, however, constant through- 

 out the family. There is in South America a very remarkable 

 group of Satyrides consisting of the genera Cithaerias and 

 Haetcm, in which the wings are very delicate and transparent, 

 bearing on the greater part of their area remote fine hairs instead 

 of scales ; there are nevertheless some scaled patches about the 

 margins, and one or more of the ringed marks characteristic of 

 the Satyrides ; while in some species the distal portions of the 

 hind wings are tinted with carmine, The species of the genus 

 Pierella connect these transparent Satyrids with the more 

 ordinary forms. According to Wallace the habits of these 

 fairy-like forms are those characteristic of the family in general. 

 The genus Elymnias has been separated by some authorities ;is 

 a sub-family, or even as a family, Elymniidae, chiefly on the 

 ground of a slight peculiarity in the termination of the branches 

 of the veins at the outer angle of the front wings. The Elymnias 

 are said to be of a mimetic nature, having a greater or less 

 resemblance to butterflies of various other divisions ; there is 

 also a considerable difference in appearance between their own 

 sexes. The larva of E. undularis is known ; it is of the form 

 usual in Satyrides, and lives on the palm Corypha. About 

 50 species, ranging from India to Australia, with two in Africa, 

 are known of this interesting group. 



Sub-Fam. 4. Morphides. There is no cell on the hind ?r/////, 

 the discocellular ncrrulc Icing absent (Fig. 1 6 1, II. B). Caterpillars 

 smooth or spiny, with the extremity of the u<><ly divided ; frequently 

 gretjitrioiix. These Insects have become notorious from the extra- 

 ordinary brilliancy of blue colour exhibited by the upper surface of 

 the wings of the typical genus Morpho. The species ofMorpho are 

 all Insects of large size, but with wings enormous in proportion 

 to the body ; this latter part is carried in a sort of cradle formed 

 by the inner parts of the margins of the hind wings. Although 

 an arrangement of this kind is seen in numerous other butter- 

 flies, yet there is perhaps none in which it is carried to quite 

 such a pitch of perfection as it is in MorpJio, where, on the 

 under surface no part of the body behind the posterior legs can 



